The article presents the research results of possibility of use of waste refractory materials, slag of electric furnace steelmaking, waste of overburden rocks as technogenic raw materials for the manufacture of refractory materials that meet the requirements of GOST  390-96 «Shamotte and semi-sour refractory products of general purpose and mass production». As a binder aqueous ceramic astringent suspension (ACAS) was used, obtained by mechanical activation of microsilica dust in an alkaline medium with pH  =  11  –  12. As additives that increase the resistance of refractory materials, selfflaking steelmaking slags were used, characterized by high content (70  %) of calcium silicates (γ-2СаО·SiO2 ). As a plasticizing additive, refractory clay of overburden with a plasticity index of 21  –  29 and refractoriness of 1450  °С was used. The production technology of ceramic concrete with a «floating» framework has been the basis for receiving refractories on the basis of technogenic raw materials. The resulting materials were subjected to two stage drying at temperatures of 60  –  70  °C and 120  –  130  °C, the firing was absent. The effect of the slag content in the charge and the granulometric composition of the refractory aggregate on the quality indices of the products were studied. It was established that an increase in the proportion of slag in the charge promotes an increase in the heat resistance of refractories by 55  –  72  %. At the same time it was established that high concentrations of slag (over 20  wt.  %) leads to a decrease in strength of refractory materials by 20  –  30  %. Granulometric composition of the aggregate affects the strength characteristics of the material, however, when the content of slag is 10  wt.  % this effect disappears. The optimal composition of the charge compositions and methods of formation were found, providing the high-quality refractory materials based on technogenic raw materials. By a method of moist pressing, fire-resistant chamotte products of marks SHВ were produced (with refractoriness not less than 1650  °С). By the method of vibrocompaction using clay overburden as the plasticizer, the resulting refractories were received, corresponding to the Marche SWISS (fire resistance not lower than 1630  °С). Refractories based on technogenic raw materials can be recommended for use as alternative materials for lining of various types of heating units and elements of their constructions of foundry and metallurgical production, with a maximum application temperature of 1250  °C.

The steelmaking unit for the processing of poor-quality charge and metal-containing wastes with a high content of harmful impurities must satisfy to some requirements which are considered at the article. Also the expediency of using the oxygen converter with rotating vessel shell as a prototype is justified. To increase the efficiency of such converter, it is proposed to supply it with a system of gas-dynamic slag cut-off at automatic mode during the steel tapping into the casting ladle. The proposed system is structurally a twin lever mechanism ensuring (during the metal overflow into the ladle through the edge of converter's mouth) holding at the constant distance from it the gas distribution chamber with slotted nozzles, from which flat gas jets run under excess pressure, directed at a given angle of attack to the surface of slag melt covering the teemed steel. Due to the dynamic impact of these jets on the layer of liquid slag, it is pushed away from the edge of the mouth of the inclined vessel shell towards its bottom, i.е. it is retained in the bath of melting unit. Synchronous movement of the structural elements of the lever mechanism with the end part of converter’s mouth is achieved by force interaction of the stops rigidly fixed on the supporting ring of the melting unit with swivel arms kinetically connected with the gas distribution chamber. At the same time, activation of the gas-dynamic system of slag cut-off and its shutdown occur automatically by a mechanical connection. After the finishing of steel tapping the slag is poured into the bowl, turning the vessel shell in the opposite direction from the steel casting ladle. The results of experimental verification of the operation of the proposed converter slag gas-dynamic cut-off system performed on its model confirmed correctness of the accepted technical solutions. The practical application of this development will significantly reduce the material losses associated with the ingress of a large amount of aggressive converter slag into the casting ladle (deoxidizing and ligature burning, intensive wear of the refractory lining and the possibility of metal rephosphorization).

Calibrated metal is presented as an effective form of blanks for a number of metal technologies. Greater its use in industry is prevented by residual stresses formed during cold deformation. So, the main problem at manufacture from the calibrated metal of low-rigid details like shaft, is existence in material of the considerable level and a nonuniform distribution of residual stresses, the appearance of which is large due to technological reasons. The main components of the tensor of residual stresses in a calibrated rod were determined by the method of grinding and boring of one cylinder. The planning methodology of multivariate experiments was used to determine the effect of the main parameters of calibration process on residual stress state, on the basis of which the main parameters of the calibration process that affect the formation of technological residual stresses are revealed. Influence of extent of the relative cobbing, corner of a working cone and length of the calibrating zone of the working tool on the size and the nature of distribution of axial, tangential and radial residual stresses were determined. It was established, for example, that the stretching tangential stresses have the largest value at degree of the relative cobbing of 23  %, working angle of drawing die of 18° and calibration speeds of 2.5  mm/sec under the worst conditions of lubricant. The ambiguous dependence of components of residual stresses on process parameters should be noted. So, at the increase in extent of the relative cobbing, the tangential residual stresses increase and axial ones decrease. With increase in cobbing from 5 to 34  % tangential residual stresses increase by 2.5  times, and axial ones decrease by 13  %. It was established also that on axial tension the greater influence is exerted by an angle of working drawing die, and on tangential – extent of the relative cogging. In the range of angles of working drawing die from 80 to 240  character of residual stresses on the section of a bar does not change. With increase in length of the calibrating zone of the drawing die the values of components of residual stresses tensor significantly decrease. Increase in length of the calibrating zone is an effective remedy for decrease in residual stresses in the calibrated bars. Depth of distribution of compressive residual stresses is not a stationary value and depends on the calibration modes.

By application of additional required function and additional boundary conditions to the integral method of heat balance, the exact analytical decision of the heat conductivity task for a semiinfinite plate was received in case of the symmetric boundary conditions of the first kind with uniformly distributed warmth source. Introduction of the additional required function representing change of temperature in time in plate center is based on the heat conduction of the infinite speed of warmth distribution described by the parabolic equation according to which temperature in any point of a plate begins to change right after application of a boundary condition of the first kind on its surface. Additional boundary conditions are so that their execution, by the required decision, was equivalent to execution of the equation of a boundary value problem in boundary points. In case of their finding the differential equation and the given boundary conditions is used. The general formulas given in article allow to find additional boundary conditions for any number of approaches. It is shown that execution of the equation in boundary points leads to its execution also in the area with an accuracy depending on number of approaches (number of additional boundary conditions). Use of an integral method of a heat balance allows to consolidate the solution of a partial equation to integration of the ordinary equation of rather additional required function. Absence of need of integration of an input equation on space variable allows to use this method in case of the solution of many difficult boundary value problems (non-linear, with float factors, etc.) for which it is difficult to receive the decision by means of classical exact analytical methods. Using the found analytical solution, and also results of temperature change in time in one of plate points received by method of finite differences, the solution of the reverse task of heat conductivity regenerated the power of an internal source of warmth. Results of operation can be used for identification of the sources of warmth arising in case of influence of electromagnetic waves, high-frequency oscillations and so forth, and also in case of melting or crystallization of the alloys which are followed by origin of internal sources of warmth.

For providing the smallest costs of details production with the set operational properties in the conditions of modern machine-building production it is necessary to optimize machining processes where more than 70  % are occupied by processing with cutting. This problem can be solved by development and use of the modern tool materials with unique properties. The analysis of technological features of production of details in mechanical engineering, in particular power parts of gas-turbine engines, has shown the need to improve the quality of the machined surface of these parts and the efficiency of using modern, expensive equipment with numerical control systems and adaptive control systems providing a wide range of elements of the cutting regime, up to high-speed. To produce competitive products both on the domestic market and outside it, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures to optimize blade cutting, where the cutting tool is the weakest link in the process chain, which adversely affects both productivity and quality of the processed details. The work presents research results of wear features of the cutting tools manufactured by sintering of powders on the basis of quick-speed steel. It is shown that the powder tool materials on the basis of this steel additionally alloyed by titan carbide have high wear resistance and can be classified as a new class of the self-organized tool materials. The received results allow to draw a conclusion that it is expedient to carry out an additional alloying by two ways of impact: friction and wear. The first is an alloying by means of connection which allows to reach considerable decrease in level of self-organization as a result of reduction of friction coefficient at working temperatures. The second way is an alloying which gives the chance to expand a self-organization interval. It is reached by use of connections which cause transformations of secondary structures and increase of hardening coefficient. Application of both ways is followed by transition to friction with smaller effort and thermal loading that is confirmed by change in wear resistance and tribotechnical characteristics. The researches have shown that wear resistance of such tool is 2 – 3.5 times higher than wear resistance of ordinary tools from quick-speed steel.

Speed of iron diffusion in austenitic steels is one of the major factors determining swelling of a constructional material of units and details of an active zone of a fast nuclear reactor. The factor of iron diffusion essentially depends on a chemical composition of steels and alloys on the basis of iron. Therefore the problem of its modeling is rather actual. The file of experimental data on diffusion in steels and alloys containing various combinations of C, Si, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ti, V, W, Al, Pb, Bi, Sn and Sb in a range of temperatures of 1023  ÷  1666  K has been generated on the basis of literary data. For correct approximation of iron diffusion the artificial neural network was used in the form of 4-layer-perceptron with number of units on layers as 49:10:17:1. Developed neural network model was tested on independent experimental data and has shown satisfactory statistical characteristics that shows its adequacy. Calculations of coefficient of iron diffusion in pure iron and both steels of grades ChS68 and EK164 show higher factor of diffusion in steels, than in pure iron. On the basis of the developed model the diffusion coefficients of shells of two fuel elements of EK164-ID c.d. steel have been calculated. Fuel elements were irradiated in a reactor on fast neutrons BN-600 at various temperatures and damaging dozes at their maximal and minimal alloying. Calculations have shown that in the steel containing a minimum quantity of alloying elements, speed of diffusion is below, than in steel with maximal contents of alloying elements, and swelling in inverse proportion to coefficient of iron diffusion in EK164-ID c.d. steel. On the basis of these data it has been received linear (in logarithms) regression equation of steel swelling S depending on temperature T, damaging doze D and coefficient of iron diffusion DFe : lnS = –340,511 + 0,036 lnD + 42,64lnT – 1,558lnDFe , where D is measured in dpa; Т – in degrees of Celsius; DFe – in m2 /s; S – in  %. A range of change of temperature was 435 – 515 °С, damaging doze was 57 ÷ 76 dpa.

In last years, improvement of metals mechanical properties and performance comes to be one of the main challenges in materials science and particularly in metallurgical manufacturing. Generally, an alloying process is traditionally applied to reach metals enhanced properties and performance. Recently, nanotechnology approach is also applied, usually to produce composite materials with improved performance. This work, however, describes a different technique, where different nanoparticles areused as modifiers in metal casting process. The influence of these nanomaterials was investigated on a hypoeutectic casting aluminum alloy and on pure copper. Microstructural evaluation of modified Al alloy illustrated that a coarse Al grains were refined. Tensile strength tests revealed that Al ductility improved while the strength remained unchanged. Particularly, results pointed that addition of up to 0.1 wt. % of ceramic nanoparticles enhanced metals elongation at fracture by 20 – 60 %, depending on the mold location. Strengthening mechanism, which took place in the process, was evaluated by applying a high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) studies. HR-TEM investigations, jointly with mechanical properties test results, led to hypothesis that a grain-size strengthening mechanism works in the process. In this mechanism metal strengthening occurs due to a high concentration of grain boundaries which are serving as dislocation movement blockers. Results obtained on copper modification showed the improvement of metal strength simultaneously with its elongation at fracture. This behavior was obtained after addition of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and TiN nanoparticles up to 0.1 wt. %. Further application of the described approach can lead to its implementation into foundry industry turning it to more economically beneficial.

In the introduction, the authors considered the main factors influencing the wear resistance of high-manganese steel and reviewed the domestic and foreign papers devoted to this problem. A conclusion was made on the basis of these materials and the research goal was set which is quite urgent for the enterprises producing and using parts made of Hadfield steel. Further, materials and research methods were considered. There is description of the materials used for processing of liquid steel, the technology of production of experimental samples from high-manganese steel, chemical composition of the alloy used as the basic one, methods and equipment used for calculation of cooling rate of the melt in the casting mold and for the investigation of wear resistance in terms of abrasive and impact-abrasive wear, equipment for hardening and thermal study. The third part of the paper contains the results of investigation of Hadfield steel alloyed with nitride ferroalloys and with complex addition alloy. The graphs show the dependence of abrasive and impact-abrasive wear resistance coefficients on different alloying schemes of the investigated steel with the selected materials. Besides, one can see how the used alloying elements influence the wear resistance of high-manganese steel under different wear conditions. The concentrations of alloying elements have been found, which provide the maximum value of abrasive and impact-abrasive wear resistance coefficient. The results of the thermal study are also given. The processes were investigated, which develop when castings from Hadfield steel are heated for hardening. The research work made it possible to define temperature ranges for such processes as separation of excess phases, dissolution of alloyed cementite in austenite, complete dissolution of phosphide eutectic and carbides of the alloying elements. Temperature ranges of the steel oxidation and decarburization processes were defined. The final part of the paper contains the conclusions of the investigation work and some recommendations aimed at improving the wear resistance of castings made of high-manganese steel for different operating conditions as well as recommendations on the temperatures of thermal treatment for these products.

The orientation microscopy (EBSD) was used for studying of the structural and textural states of the low-carbon low-alloy pipe steel close to 06G2MB after the thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP) and subsequent thermal treatments – heating up to 1000  °C followed by: 1) water quenching; 2) isothermal quenching with holding at 300  °C; 3) slow cooling in a furnace. All heat treatments included double phase recrystallization: α  →  γ  →  αN (where αN is martensite, ferrite or bainite, respectively). The texture obtained after TMCP, was formed mainly by two strong orientations {112}<110> and two weaker orientations close to {110}<223>. It was shown that despite dual phase recrystallization the main crystallographic orientations of bainite after TMCP and after isothermal quenching are consistent with each other. This indicates some mechanism of structure and texture heredity within the material. The structures obtained through other thermal treatments, martensite and ferrite, were also characterized by complex multi-textures. Part of the basic textural components of martensite and ferrite were the same as in case of bainite. All structures after various thermal treatments have common spectrum of high angle boundaries with the most pronounced boundaries of the coincidence site lattice (CSL): Σ3, Σ11, Σ25b, Σ33с, Σ41c. It has been demonstrated that the orientations inside textures of all obtained structures are associated with the major orientations of the strained austenite grains formed as a result of hot rolling during TMCP and the orientation relationships (ORs) that are intermediate between ORs of Kurdyumov-Sachs and Nishiyama-Wasserman. In all cases, the fact of correspondence between orientation bonds of textures in initial and all resulting states is explained through a selective initiation of phase transformations (both shear and diffusion) on crystallographic (including special) boundaries close to the CSL boundaries Σ3 and Σ11.

The Russian Arctic region development considered as one of the most important national tasks to be realized makes it necessary the creation of economic high-strength cold-resistant steels. Investigations have shown that for this purpose to be achieved it is necessary to develop the mechanism of structure control aimed at forming a quasiisotropic fragmented structure in the metal volume to be refined till the nanolevel. The fine-grained structure formation is most affected by an intensive plastic strain combined with recrystallization and phase transformations. A number of investigations were conducted using a plastometer Gleeble-3800 and a rolling mill Quarto-800 for supporting theoretical and experimental assumptions. The experiments were carried out on the experimental heats of steels with the carbon equivalent CE  =  0.44  –  0.87  %. In modeling of the technological processes on the plastometer Gleeble-3800, compression deformation was conducted in 2  stages – roughing at 1100  –  1080  °С and finishing at 950  °С and 820  °С thatsimulated a strain cycle on the industrial mills Quarto-5000. It has been found that the steel grain was refined from 6.5 to 2.2  µm after deformation at 950  °С and to 1.1  µm – at 810  °С. 20  –  37  % of fragments of less than 500  nm were recorded in the steel structure. For steel with CE  =  0.44  –  0.65  % the yield strength changed from 500  MPa to 700  MPa that was 40  % higher than the level of standard values. For steel with CE  =  0.65  –  0.87  %, the yield strength increased from 700  MPa to 1150  MPa. This strength value was achieved with increasing the nickel content of steel up to 3  %, with further increase in its concentration the yield strength remained the same. After rolling the steel with CE  =  0.60  –  0.87  % on the mill Quarto-800 in one pass with a 70  % deformation at temperature of 1100  °С and direct quenching followed by tempering at 600  °С, the yield strength of 1060  MPa, thus, the effect of the nickel content and the change of CE within the stated limits on the steel hardening were insignificant. The steel structure is bainite with the average grain size of 8.3  –  6.9  µm with a high dislocation density of (1  –  2)·1015  m–2 and a great extent of intragranular fragmentation. Based on the new technology, a group of cold-resistant steels with yield strength of 270  –  690  MPa and CE  =  0.32  –  0.65  % up to 130  mm in thickness and operating temperatures down to –60  °С has been developed. These steels were used in the building of nuclearpowered ice-breakers, ice-going ships, stationary and floating drilling platforms for the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons in the Arctic Russian offshore zones. The completed work shows the possibility of developing structural steels with a significantly lower level of alloying (by 20  –  30  %) as compared to the steel analogues as well as that of unifying the chemical composition of steels.

The article presents a mathematical model of stress-strain state of the roll in the process of coiling at the simultaneous action of nonflatness, surfaces’roughness and gage transverse variation (a convexity of the cross-sectional profile). The stress-strain state of a thin steel strip roll has a significant effect on the distribution of temperature in the roll and the formation of scale during cooling at hot rolling, the weldability of the turns during annealing of the cold-rolled strip, the shape of the coil itself, etc. The mathematical model is based on representation the roll as separate embedded hollow cylinders of finite length. Cylinders are divided into separate sections in width. It is shown that, in this case, the sum of the solutions of the Lamé equation for individual sections converges with the solution for the cylinder as a whole. The model makes it possible to calculate the stress-strain state of a roll taking into account the formation of a gap between adjacent turns due to the transverse strip thickness. The distribution in the roll of the radial and tangential stresses formed when the strip is under coiling is shown. The developed model makes it possible to calculate the stress-strain state of a roll when coiling an even strip, when coiling a convex flat strip without tension, when coiling a convex flat strip with a tension, less than tight tension, when coiling a convex flat strip with a tight tension, and also when coiling a convex uneven strip without tension. The calculation of convergence of the contacting surfaces taking into account the roughness is based on a probabilistic approach. The article presents an algorithm for calculating the stress-strain state of a roll. The present distribution of stresses in the roll is characteristic of coiling steel strips. Distribution in a roll of the radial and tangential tension created when coiling a strip is shown. Adequacy of this model in a case of coiling of a hot-rolled strip is checked by means of size of a zone of dense pressing of adjacent rounds. An estimation of density of pressing of rounds in a roll was evaluated by means of tarnishing on edges of a hot-rolled strip. The discrepancy between the measured and calculated areas of dense pressing is about 3 %.

The large facilities (Mega Science) belong to the field of high-energy physics and astrophysics, but at the stages of their design and construction a number of problems arise that can be explored by technical universities in the field of materials science. The National University of Science and Technology MISIS has been involved in the SHiP and LHCb CERN projects, which is extremely beneficial to the university, as it has received an opportunity to carry out studies at the cutting edge of particle physics at CERN. Both projects open prospects in developing new materials, technologies and methodology; unique educational programs for young scientists and PhD students; establishing the advanced laboratories focused on key issues of Mega Science projects. The main result of successful participation of the Russian University in Mega Science projects can be improvement of its competitiveness in the global scientific and educational space.