It was concluded from the literature analysis that the production of generator gases from various types of solid fuel has high prospects. The various types of solid fuel with appropriate preparation may include renewable energy sources such as peat, sapropel and municipal solid waste. The authors described disadvantages of modern technologies of production of generator gases and analyzed experience of the production and use of them in the steel industry. The criteria to be met by the new technology of solid fuels were worked out. Therefore, the most promising direction of development of generating gas production technology is the gasification into bubbling slag bath. The scheme of preparation and gasification of solid fuels in the melted slag is described. The conducted technological and economic calculations have shown high economic efficiency of generator gases production in polyfuel gas generator of bubbling type. The production cost of the thermal and / or electrical energy by burning of generator gas produced from raw brown coal is up to 35 – 40 % lower than during their production from natural gas combustion.

The viscosimetric data on liquid steel 32G1 and 32G2 taken from working rollers of a reversible rolling mill with different ultrasonic behavior illustrate the infl uence of defects recorded in ultrasound monitoring of the temperature and time dependence of the liquid steel’s kinematic viscosity. The samples were taken from the pipe assortment of Naftogaz. The authors made the conclusions about the nature of the infl uence of defects detected by the magnetic and ultrasonic methods, the nature of the temperature and time dependence of the kinematic viscosity of the liquid steel 32G1 and 32G2. The ultrasonic control was made by the defectoscope MAC NDT «Echomac» for the detection of defects at the control of the production line. The temperature and time dependences of the kinematic viscosity of the liquid steel were measured. The viscosity of the liquid steel was determined by the means of damping torsional oscillations of a crucible with the melt at heating and subsequent cooling in the range of 1460 – 1810 °C.

The authors considered the ways of expediting the determination of the kinematic viscosity ν of high temperature metallic melts. This was achieved using the parameters of the two points of the oscillatory trajectory of attenuation that differs in e times, and bipolar synchronized tightening suspended on elastic thread crucible melt. It is shown that the measurement of metallic liquids allows to analyze the materials and to make recommendations for the production of alloys with desired characteristics. The possibilities of the express-measurement with acceptable accuracy for most applications, reducing the time and experimentation to enable their standardization and reducing the impact on the experiments of subjective role of the researcher were studied. The use of two-way tightening gives a gain in time for one measurement cycle in 1.5 times, in time of twist – 4 times. The proposed approach provides an acceptable accuracy of calculations.

The cleaning of high chromium cast iron melt from scab, non-metallic inclusions and gases is an urgent task of obtaining the quality parts for shotcasting machines. In this work the authors showed the producing technology of blades castings for shotcasting machines. The infl uence of different deoxidants (Ti, Al, SIMISh-1, ZhKMK-6, FCM-6) on the quality and properties of high chromium cast iron castings was determined. The authors analyzed the contamination of non-metallic inclusions, investigated thermogram and polythermals density and iron with various deoxidants at different concentrations. The research has shown that to accelerate the formation of trigonal carbide and increase performance properties of chromium cast irons it is necessary to modify them with the complex modifiers that do not contain silicon.

The study of temperature distribution across the width of stripes in the HRM 2000 line was carried out in collaboration of OJSC “NLMK” Hot Rolled Stock Manufacture specialists with students and lecturers of the Lipetsk State Technical University. The investigations were made with the use of portable thermal imager BALTECH TR-1400. Surface temperature increasing was found from the right edge of the strip to the left while rolling. The temperature distribution asymmetry across the width of the strip is one of the reasons of camber, wedging and fl atness of hot-rolled strips.

The paper considers a proposal to design a new tool deformation and forging technology of cast ingots without changing the shape and size of the blank. The rational form of backups was determined, providing a uniform in volume significant deformation elaboration of the ingot by facilitating the implementation of an alternating strain. The essence of the proposed solution is as follows. The backup has two sections of the working surface: smooth and profiled. The profile zone of the working surface is provided with projections and recesses in the form of segments of a cylindrical surface arranged to broach axis angle 90° (Fig. 1). As a result of reduction, due to the introduction of cylindrical protrusions of the engraving of the dies, the height of the blank is reduced. The displaced metal fills the recess of the cylindrical shape and the height of the blank at that location is incremented (Fig. 1, a). After the displacement and reduction of the blank in the dies with a smooth area, it takes the original size (Fig. 1, б), providing the alternating deformation. During the development of the technological process, the correlation of the reduction modes with the size of the blank and stamps with profile surface at conditions of complete filling of the engraving of the stamp at a deposit and ensure uniform distribution of deformation throughout the volume of the forging.

The scheme of plane deformation of an ideal rigid-plastic material in the fl ow in a wedge-shaped channel is widely used for analysis of the stress state in metal forming processes. For the first time it was obtained a closed analytical solution of plane deformation during plastic fl ow of metal in a wedge-shaped channel for contact stresses, obeying the Coulomb law of friction. The regularities of changes of contact stress along the length of the section of the sliding were determined at different directions of the friction forces in the lead and lag zones. It is shown that when the tangential contact stresses reach to limit values on the boundary zones of the slip, the deceleration of the normal contact stresses reaches to maximum value of zero derivative dp/dr. This leads to the smooth docking plots of the tangential stress on that boundary and to the kink in the plot of the normal stress. It was established from the analysis results of the obtained solutions and their comparison with known data that the transition to the approximate plasticity condition qualitatively changes the character of the plots of the contact stresses in the zone of sliding and the length of this zone. As an example of the use of the obtained solutions the stress state was considered during the strip pressing through wedged matrix. 

The current dependences of wear intensity and specific surface electric conductance of sliding electric contact 0,2 % C steel/0,45 % C steel are represented at contact current density higher than 100 A/cm² without lubricant. It was shown that the steel having stronger cold work hardening realized has higher wear resistant than the low hardening steel. This fact is represented as a result of the realization of lower cycle stress amplitude in conditions of low cycled fatigue of the material adjoining to real contact spots of stronger hardened steel. It was marked that the contact characteristics of 0,2 % C steel are some higher than known contact characteristics of quenched steels. This is caused by higher plasticity reserve of 0,2 % C steel surface layer comparing with that of quenched steels. Structure changes of sliding surface were observed as a formation of friction induced structure layer containing crystal phases namely oxide FeO, α-Fe and γ-Fe. The optical image of worn surface having the signs of liquid phase appearance is shown. This phase is not a result of melting but it is a result of strong excited atoms appearance in thin surface layer.

Using the new, verified by the authors earlier reference data after additional check of their adequacy thermodynamic conditions of formation of inclusions of TiN in steel melts Cr18Ni12T (18/12) and Cr20Ni20T (20/20) types were calculated. Conditions of decrease in impurity specified melts by congestions of TiN were defined. For simplification of calculations the public interactive site is created. For the melt of 20/20 conditions of formation of TiN were calculated also by means of known Thermo-Calc system. The values of TiN solubilities received thus considerably exceed results of the calculations stated above which are compatible with known experimental data. These divergences are connected generally with verification of titan activity coefficients in melts on the iron base which in Thermo-Calc system are not considered yet. The authors have given the recommendations about the use of the research results on practice.

The experimental studies of voltage control were performed on the vacuum arc furnace DVS-3.2-G1 of JSC “Metallurgical Plant” Electrostal”. Using the obtained coefficients the simulation model of voltage control was developed for the vacuum arc furnace. The simulation results of furnace voltage with a drip closures for 5th hour remelting are considered. The authors established the closeness of developed management model with the real object. The article describes the comparison with other studies on stress management for vacuum arc furnaces. It was concluded that the developed model can then be used as a model for the construction of the control system of the vacuum arc furnace.

Based on the use of the variational principle of minimum total power and modern mathematic modelling tools a mathematical model of metal forming in the universal rail rolling pass was developed and implemented, in which there is a uniform deformation of all elements of the rail profile. In particular, it was constructed a geometric model of the deformation zone and kinematically possible velocity field of the metal flow, defined boundary conditions and built a basic system of equations, including the energy balance equation and the condition of the minimum of the functional. In contrast to the well-known variational solutions in the proposed mathematical model, all the equations are calculated without any simplifications, which improve the accuracy of calculations and characterizes the novelty of the solution in question. Application of the created mathematical model allows determining the principles of metal flow during rolling in universal passes.

A mathematical model of heating and melting sequences of thermo-massive slabs (fl at steel briquettes) with variable thermal and physical properties (TPP) at boundary conditions of genus III, was formulated. Setting the genus III boundary conditions allows to analyze the impact of the external heat exchange coefficients of briquette melting processes.The calculation technique for solving the stated problem is the equivalent sources method (MES) as applied to a thermal layer scheme. Predictive expressions for slab through-heating (thermal lag stage), heating (ordered stage) time and at the time of melting, were derived. A comparison of solutions was obtained with the MES method and numerical realization of heating and melting the slab with a satisfactory convergence. It was proofed that the obtained mathematical relations may be used in steelmaking practices to perform calculations for lump materials melting in thermal engineering (e.g., when using briquettes in arc-furnaces).