The consequences of what has been termed running ductile fracture require that pipelines be designed to arrest propagation, and so avoid major incidents due to this type of failure. Approaches to characterize pipeline response and their resistance to such failure to ensure arrest rely on semi-empirical models developed in the mid-1970s. Continuing reliance on such semi-empirical models, which were calibrated using fullscale tests done on segments of pipelines, persists because this failure process involves three interacting nonlinearities, and so is complex. These nonlinearities include: 1) plastic fl ow and tearing instability, 2) soil-structure interaction, and 3) expansion wave response and decompression in the pressurizing media. This paper fi rst reviews the history and related evelopments that represent almost 40 years invested in fracture-based approaches to quantify propagating shear in pipelines. Graphical evidence of the full-scale failure process and related phenomenology lead to an alternative hypothesis to quantify this failure process that is based on plastic collapse rather than fracture. It is shown that the phenomenology does not support a fracture-controlled process, and that instead the metrics of arrest should refl ect the fl ow properties of the steel. Finally, aspects of fracture-based approaches are related to the collapse-based concept as the basis to understand the success that at times has been achieved using fracture-based approaches. Surrogates for CVN energy that has been used in the BTCM as a measure of fracture resistance are reevaluated as functions of the fl ow response, which provides the basis to rationalize the historic successes on the fracture-based formulation. Finally, remaining gaps and issues are addressed.

The concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the smoke gases from the combustion of fuel in burners with different ways of forming the fuel-air mixture was calculated with the use of empirical procedures. It was shown, that a minimum concentration of nitrogen oxides in smoke gases was at fuel burning in burners with open torches and external mixing incineration calorie fuels. The heating of the combustion air increased the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the combustion products in several times. The extreme dependence of the concentration of nitrogen oxides was obtained in the smoke from the coefficient of the air flow, the critical value of which corresponded to the maximum concentration – 1.16 – 1.17.

Metallographic examination of the microstructure of ingots of 
steel GX40CrNiSi25-12, which are characterized by different levels 
of mechanical properties, was held. Samples were selected from the 
grates of kiln carries. The microstructure of the samples, which are 
characterized by a lower value of strength and ductility, contains more non-metallic inclusions and σ-phase. The authors studied the viscosity of these samples in the liquid state. The viscosity of the liquid steel is measured by means of damping torsional oscillations of a crucible with melt in heating and subsequent cooling in the range of 1500 – 1720 °C. According to the results of the experiments the correlation of mechanical properties of cast samples of steel GX40CrNiSi25-12 was concluded with features of their microstructure and the kinematic viscosity of the melt.

To increase the service life of molds of CCM, there were created
diffusion layers on their worked narrow sides of copper M1 and
copper alloy MN2.5KoKrKh by sputtering of aluminum layer about
1.5 mm with subsequent diffusion annealing at T = 800 °C during
10 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere. It was found that on the copper surface of M1 it was observed hardening diffusion layer with thickness up to 1.5 mm, and of alloy MN2.5KoKrKh – 0.6 to 1.4 mm, that can be explained by the deterrence of diffusion process of contained alloying elements at subsequent thermal treatment. As the main indicators of the health of the diffusion layer authors used its thickness and microhardness. Du ring the analysis of the coated samples the feasibility of the application working on the narrow wall of the mold with aluminum thermal spray coating was established, followed by heat treatment in a protective atmosphere adjusted modes. The authors tested the mold of continuous casting machine with the assessment of the condition of the walls in the process of operation and changes in the quality of cast metal.

Measured the viscosity of liquid steels 32Г1 and 32Г2. Samples taken from the pipe Naftogaz assortment. Measured temperature and time dependences of the kinematic viscosity of the liquid steel 32Г1 and 32Г2. The viscosity of the liquid steel is measured by means of damping torsional oscillations of a crucible with melt in heating and subsequent cooling in the range 1450–1810°C. Results viscometric experiment discussed in the framework of modern concepts of micro heterogeneous structure of metallic melts. Recommendations optimal regime of temperature-time processing of liquid steel 32G1 and 32G2 authors eventually made. It is shown that for steel 32G2 appropriate to raise the temperature of heating the melt to 1650–1670 ° C, i.e. apply a temperature-time processing.

The article displays the determining infl uence of natural iron ore
mineralization on the sintering process and the strength of fl uxed sinter. Magnetite crystals with homogeneous structure actively move into the melt, forming the silicate binder ore grains in agglomerates of low basicity. With the growth of the basicity the change of silicate ligaments to ferrite ones can be determined by the amount of iron in the melt and high oxidation potential of the gas phase. The participation of magnetite of heterogeneous structure in processes of melt formation was limited. During the sintering of agglomerates the low iron content in the melt expanded the range of crystallization of silicate ligaments, shifting the start of the process of ferrite formation toward to the agglomerates of high basicity.

The study relates to the preparation of metallic and non-metallic
components of blended materials and industrial wastes, for pyrometallurgical processes. The design improvement for roll briquetting press was proposed for compaction of granular materials used as raw materials for pyrometallurgical processes. One of the rolls was invited to perform with cells, and the second – with a smooth surface that can dramatically reduce the cost of manufacturing the tool. The authors have implemented physical modeling of the process using the installation of the original design when changing the confi guration of the cells in two versions: radial and triangular in shape. Physical modeling has shown that in the proposed scheme of the implementation process it is advisable to use cell of radial profi le, which leads to the achievement of large volumetric deformations of compressible material.

The dependences for determination of normal tension on a contact
surface at a deposit of a rectangular and wedge-shaped strip and 
during the strip rolling were carried out with the use of linear distribution of tangent tension in the zone of plastic deformation with signvariable friction forces and conditions of plasticity of Mises. Comparison of the received results was executed to the known decisions. It was shown that the use of approximate condition of plasticity, which was written down in the main tensions, led to essential reduction of the calculated values of technological loadings.

At casting of steel on CCM quality of all ingots is almost identical
by creating stable conditions of continuous casting. The fi nal
slabs have a defect in the form of the cross-sectional dimensions - the deviation from the desired values. This leads to additional losses of metal in subsequent metallurgical redistribution and reduces the cost of commodity products. The prior studies and publications consider continuous casting technology in the established periods. Transition periods have been poorly studied because there are no simple and reliable methods of investigation of heat exchange of the ingot with the environment during these periods. This article discusses the causes of different widths of the fi nal continuously casted steel slabs. The numerical modeling of the stress-strain state of the ingot after cutting to length it was made. Calculations were performed for ingots made of carbon steel grades. It was established that the asymmetric in length billet thermal fi eld may cause it stress exceeding the yield stress in the temperature range 800 – 900 °C. This leads to the possibility of residual strain and defl ection width of the ingot from the nominal value. Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed that the deviation of the cross-sectional dimensions of slabs occurs for the following reasons:
1. Cooling mode of the tail section of the ingot was not optimal.
2. There was a signifi cant temperature gradient along the length of
the end of the ingot.
To reduce the different widths of continuously casted steel slabs during the end of the casting it is necessary to improve their cooling technology.

In order to explore the possibility of reducing energy costs and defects, as well as to increase the quality of melted ingots, the authors held the model of voltage control in vacuum arc furnace. The control objective was determined, which is to maintain the integral of the difference between the desired and the actual voltage in the range, not exceeding the value predetermined by technologists. The basis of the proposed model of voltage control in the vacuum arc furnace was based on the voltage equations of: furnace, electrode gap, displacement of rod-electrode to electrode, the DC motor and the drops weight. The formation of droplets was analyzed. The schedule and system of equations describing the gradual formation of droplets was proposed.

The article considers the questions about infl uence of a hollow (tubular) electrode on nature of electric arc burning. Laboratory researches according these were executed. During researches it was established that the smallest deviation angle of an electric arc from an axis of the electrode was reached at relation dotv / Del = 0.2. The regression equation allowing to estimate the deviation angle of electric arc depending on diameter of hole in a hollow (tubular) electrode was obtained

The texture of strongly deformed metal polycrystals was represented
by a set of stable grain orientations, which were preserved during the subsequent deformation (texture fi bers). A possible set
of stable orientations was determined by the deformation symmetry. For this reason, the stable orientations were bound by specifi c crystallographic relations, i.e. they might be superimposed by a set of discrete rotations. Some rotations in this set were close to special misorientation. Texture of bcc metal after strong uniaxial deformation (extrusion) was investigated by the orientation microscopy (EBSD). Special grain boundaries Σ33a, Σ19a, Σ27a, Σ9, Σ11 were observed between some deformed grains. The orientations of these grains formed the main of deformation texture fi bers. The probability of appearance of special misorientation – of a certain type of special boundaries within a local area was inversely proportional to the angle of rotation about the common axis <110> of the crystal lattice of adjacent grains.

The paper describes the issues of informational and mathematical support of the control system of metal heating in batch heating furnaces using the current information on the growth rate of average temperature of the metal and the increasing rate of scale.

Plasticity increase of steel products after diffusion boriding was achieved by the formation of the composite heterogeneous structures in the surface layer. Boriding was carried out by microarc heating. Coating was applied on the surface of the item of low carbon steel containing boric acid. Then it was plunged into coal powder and was heated by electric current. Composite coating with the depth of 0.2 mm was formed as a result of treatment. It consists of the areas of eutectoid mixture with microhardness of 4500 – 4700 MPa and boride eutectic with microhardness of 15.0 – 17.0 HPa. The carburized area with eutectoid structure was formed under the composite layer. It passed to the original ferritepearlite structure.