Zero-waste technologies: formation of multilevel structures of environmental protection systems

Zero-waste technologies are technically and technologically based mainly on environmental protection systems (EPS). Such systems help to arrange waste recycling into the technosphere rather than polluting the environment. The article gives a brief review of the methods and technologies of ferrous metallurgy waste recycling. Simple patterns in which the interrelations between devices for environmental protection against solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are not arranged, cannot provide the necessary level of zero-waste production. Only integrated multistage, multilevel systems of raw materials processing and waste recycling, including devices and technologies for processing of waste flows in various phase states, can create a high degree of zero-waste production. The design of such systems startswith the description of outgoing substances and energy flows from process plants, the formation of structural variants, operating principles (technologies) and equipment (devices) of system components. It is from these that the optimal variant will be chosen. The purpose of optimizing a protection system is to minimize the mass of waste sent into the environment. This provides for environmental and industrial safety, and takes into account the technical and economic constraints on the possibility of implementing the selected EPS structure. The study proposes a procedure for forming the structure of the system, including production, environmental protection devices, and the natural environment.  Interrelations between the system components are represented by energy flows and masses of substances. The study also proposes an example of arranging the system structure including interrelated subsystems for processing (treatment, decontamination, etc.) of gases, wastewater and solid waste. EPS devices in general can form outgoing flows of substances, which, depending on their properties (hazard, usefulness and phase state), can be directed to the environment, to the next level (stage) protection devices, as well as to production for replacing raw materials or obtaining products. An example of organizing the structure of an integrated multistage and multilevel system of environmental protection against emissions, including subsystems for treating secondary waste in gaseous, liquid and solid states, is considered. The proposed procedure for forming the environmental protection system structures can be applied to other industries.

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