Methods of сorrosion testing used for development and commercial exploitation of new shipbuilding steels and alloys. Part I. Laboratory corrosion tests

Shipbuilding steels and alloys may be subjected to various types of corrosion damage when exposed to sea water. For reliable long-term operation of ships and marine structures, despite the use of corrosion protection, materials are chosen that, in addition to the required mechanical properties, have sufficient corrosion resistance to ensure a given service life. Evaluation of corrosion resistance of new materials for use in shipbuilding was made by carrying out mandatory delivery trials using methods that have been repeatedly tested experimentally and whose results have been confirmed in practice. The complex study of corrosion resistance of steels and alloys is based on step-by-step laboratory, bench, and field tests. The review provides a brief description of laboratory corrosion test methods that are part of mandatory delivery trials. Parameters determining the aggressiveness of seawater as a corrosive medium, including salinity, oxygen content are considered. Laboratory test methods include electrochemical studies with determination of potential and rate of corrosion, pitting potential on the basis of polarization curves construction, as well as the generally accepted gravimetric method of corrosion rate determination. Installations for testing in moving (with varying flow rate) seawater are given.

1. Materials for Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. Handbook in 2 vols. Gorynin I.V. ed. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg: Professional, 2009, 776 p. (In Russ.).

2. Farrell R., Barras С., Goodwin R.А. Modern chemical tankers. SNAМE Transactions. 1994, vol. 102, pp. 325-365.

3. Davis J.R. Corrosion of Weldments. ASM International, 2006, 230 p.

4. Shumakher M.M. Marine Corrosion. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1983, 512 p. (In Russ.).

5. Al’khimenko A.A., Kolyushev I.E., Khar’kov A.A., Shaposhnikov N.O., Tsvetkov A.S. Corrosion resistance of steel pile supports in seawater. Korroziya: materialy, zashchita. 2020, no. 2, рр. 16–20. (In Russ.).

6. Kovalev M., Al’khimenko A., Shaposhnikov N., Alekseeva E. Transition from natural corrosion testing of zinc coatings to accelerated ones through calculation of acceleration factor. In: Modern Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology (MMAMT-2019). 2019, pp. 108–109. (In Russ.).

7. Markovich R.A., Kan M.K., Mikhailov S.V. Corrosion and methods of protection of wetting area of steel metal structures of hydraulic rack buildings. Gidrotekhnika. 2014, no. 4, pp. 73–80. (In Russ.).

8. Corrosion: Understanding the Basics. Davis J.R. ed. ASM International, 2000, 563 p.

9. Marcus Р. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice. CRC Press, 2011, 941 p.

10. Oldfield J.W., Todd В. Room temperature stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in indoor swimming pool atmospheres. British Corrosion Journal. 1991, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1179/000705991798269233

11. Sjong А., Eiselstein L. Marine atmospheric SCC of unsensitized stainless steel rock climbing protection. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 2008, vol. 8, pp. 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-008-9158-1

12. Wallen В. Corrosion of duplex stainless steels in seawater. АСОМ. Avesta Sheffield АВ. 1998, no. 1, pp. 1–11.

13. Compere C., Le Bozec N. Behaviour of stainless steel in natural seawater. In: The First Stainless Steel Congress in Thailand, Bangkok. December 1997.

14. Karpov V.A., Koval’chuk Yu.L., Poltarukha O.P., Il’in I.N. Comprehensive Approach to Protection against Marine Fouling and Corrosion. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2007, 156 p. (In Russ.).

15. Zevina G.B. Marine Fouling Biology. Moscow: Izd-vo MSU, 1994, 135 p. (In Russ.).

16. Kharchenko U.V. Physicochemical aspects of the microbiological effect of sea water on corrosion resistance of some alloys: Cand. Chem. Sci. Diss. Vladivostok: Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, RAS, 2006, 130 p. (In Russ.).

17. Corrosion. ASM Handbook. Vol. 13. ASM International, 1992, 3455 p.

18. Uhlig H.H., Revie R.W. Corrosion and Corrosion Control. 3rd Ed. Wiley, 1985, 441 p.

19. Riley J.P., Skirrow G. Chemical Oceanography. Vol. 2. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, 1975.

20. Kaesche H. Corrosion of Metals. Physicochemical Principles and Current Problems. Springer, 2003, 604 p.

21. Refait P., Grolleau A.-M., Jeannin M., Rémazeilles C., Sabot R. Corrosion of carbon steel in marine environments: Role of the corrosion product layer. Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2020, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 198–218. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd1010010

22. Malyshevskii V.A., Semicheva T.G., Vladimirov N.F., Khlusova E.I. Cold-resistant steels for shipbuilding and marine equipment. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii sbornik Rossiiskogo morskogo registra sudokhodstva. 2004, no. 27, pp. 134–149. (In Russ.).

23. Gorynin I.V., Malyshevskii V.A., Rybin V.V., Khlusova E.I. Creation and implementation of new competitive cold-resistant steels for marine Arctic structures and ice navigation vessels. Morskie intellektual’nye tekhnologii. 2009, no. 1, pp. 23–27. (In Russ.).

24. Gorynin I.V., Ushkov S.S., Khatuntsev A.N., Loshakova N.N. Titanium Alloys for Marine Machinery. St. Petersburg: Izd. Politekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2007, 387 p. (In Russ.)

25. Beletskii V.M., Krivov G.A. Aluminium Alloys (Composition, Properties, Technology, Application): Reference book. Kiev: Komintekh, 2005, 365 p. (In Russ.).

26. Vainerman A.E. Copper-Based Alloys for Ship Machinery and Their Welding. Materials for Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. Handbook. Gorynin I.V. ed. St. Petersburg: Professional, 2009, pp. 224–295. (In Russ.).

27. Steinsmo U., Rogne Т., Drugli J.M. Aspects of testing and selecting stainless steels for seawater applications. Corrosion. 1997, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 955–964. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3290280

28. Lu Y.C., Clayton C.R., Brooks A.R. А bipolar model of the passivity of stainless steels – II. The influence of aqueous molybdate. Corrosion Science. 1989, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 863–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(89)90058-9

29. Mudali U.K., Shankar P., Ningshen S., Dayal R.K., Khatak H.S., Raj B. On the pitting corrosion resistance of nitrogen alloyed cold worked austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion Science. 2002, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 2183–2198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00035-5

30. Tsupak T.E. Laboratory Manual on Corrosion and Metal Protection. 2nd Edition. Moscow: D. Mendeleev University, 2003, 172 p. (In Russ.).

31. ASTM G5-2021 Standard Reference Test Method for Marking Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, 9 p.

32. Corrosion Test and Standards: Application and Interpretation. Baboian R. ed. USA: ASTM, 1995, 730 p.

33. Tomashov N.D. Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals. Izd. AN SSSR, 1959, 527 p. (In Russ.).

34. Bogorad I.Ya., Iskra E.V., Klimova V.A., Kuz’min Yu.L. Corrosion and Protection of Marine Vessels. Leningrad: Sudostroenie, 1973, 392 p. (In Russ.).

35. Rozenfel’d I.L. Corrosion and Protection of Metals. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1969, 448 p. (In Russ.).

36. Stern M., Geary A.L. Electrochemical polarization: I. A theoretical analysis of the shape of polarization curves. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 1957, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2428496

37. Stern M. A method for determining corrosion rate from linear polarization dates. Corrosion. 1958, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 440–444. https://doi.org//10.5006/0010-9312-14.9.60

38. ASTM G59-2014 Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, 4 p.

39. Skorchelletti V.V. Theoretical Electrochemistry. Leningrad: Goskhimizdat, 1963, 609 p. (In Russ.).

40. Kuz’min Yu.L., Oryshchenko A.S. Corrosion and Electrochemical Protection of Marine Vessels. SPb.: LA Professional, 2017, 288 p. (In Russ.).

41. Szklarska-Smialowska Z. Pitting corrosion of aluminum. Corrosion Science. 1999, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1743–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00012-8

42. Soltis J. Passivity breakdown, pit initiation and propagation of pits in metallic materials. Corrosion Science. 2015, vol. 9, pp. 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.10.006

43. Hamada Е., Yamada К., Nagoshi М., Makiishi N., Sato K., Ishii Т., Fukuda К., Ishikawa S., Ujiro Т. Direct imaging of native passive film on stainless steel by aberration corrected STEM. Corrosion Science. 2010, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 3851–3854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.08.025

44. Massoud T., Maurice V., Klein L.H., Marcus P. Nanoscale morphology and atomic structure of passive films on stainless steel. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2013, vol. 160, no. 6, pp. 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.067306jes

45. Malik A.U., Andijani I., Mobin M., Al-Fozan S., Al-Muaili F., AlHajiri M. An overview of the localized corrosion problems in sea-water desalination plants – Some recent case studies. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2010, vol. 20, no. 1–3, pp. 22–34. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1479

46. Tomashov N.D., Chernova G.P. Corrosion Theory and CorrosionResistant Structural Alloys. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1986, 359 p. (In Russ.).

47. GOST 9.912 – 89. Uniform system of protection from corrosion and aging. Corrosion-resistant steels and alloys. Methods of accelerated tests for resistance to pitting corrosion. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo standartov, 1990, 19 p. (In Russ.).

48. GOST R 9.905 – 2007. Uniform system of protection from corrosion and aging. Corrosion test methods. General requirements. Moscow: Standartinform, 2007, 20 p. (In Russ.).

49. GOST 9.908 – 85. Uniform system of protection from corrosion and aging. Metals and alloys. Methods for determination of corrosion performance and corrosion resistance. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo standartov, 1985, 17 p. (In Russ.).

50. Corrosion and Protection of Ships: Handbook. Lyublinskii E.Ya., Pirogov V.D. eds. Leningrad: Sudostroenie, 1987. (In Russ.).

51. Melchers R.F., Jeffrey R. Influence of water velocity on marine immersion corrosion of mild steel. Corrosion. 2004, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 84–94. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3299235

52. Corrosion. Shraier L.L. ed. Butterworths and Co Publishers Ltd., Canada, 1976.

53. Mаrkovich R.A., Suprun L.A. On corrosion resistance and destruction kinetics of carbon steel in moving seawater. Zashchita metallov. 1970, vol. VI, no. 5, pp. 19–25. (In Russ.).

54. Klimova V.A. Procedure for laboratory corrosion tests of welded joints. Tekhnologiya sudostroeniya. 1959, no. 6, pp. 71–78. (In Russ.).