Высокоэнтропийные сплавы: структура, механические свойства, механизмы деформации и применение

Выполнен краткий обзор публикаций зарубежных исследователей по изучению структуры, фазового состава и свойств пятикомпонентных высоко энтропийных сплавов (ВЭС) в разных структурных состояниях в широком диапазоне температур за последние два десятилетия. Высокоэнтропийные сплавы привлекают внимание ученых уникальными и необычными свойствами. Отмечены трудности проведения сравнительного анализа и обобщения данных из-за различных методов получения ВЭС, режимов механических испытаний на одноосное сжатие и растяжение, размеров и формы образцов, видов термических обработок, фазового состава (ОЦК и ГЦК решетки). Отмечено, что ВЭС с ОЦК решеткой обладают преимущественно высокой прочностью и низкой пластичностью, а ВЭС с ГЦК решеткой – низкой прочностью и повышенной пластичностью. Показано, что значительное повышение свойств ВЭС FeMnCoCrNi с ГЦК решеткой может быть достигнуто легированием бором и оптимизацией параметров термомеханической обработки при легировании углеродом в количестве 1 % (ат.). Проанализированные в температурном интервале -196 ÷ 800 °C деформационные кривые свидетельствуют о росте предела текучести с уменьшением размера зерна от 150 до 5 мкм. При снижении температуры предел текучести и относительное удлинение возрастают. Эффект влияния скорости деформации на механические свойства заключается в росте предела прочности и текучести, наиболее заметно проявляется при больших скоростях 10^-2 ÷ 10³ с^-1. Отмечены особенности деформационного поведения ВЭС в моно- и поликристаллическом состояниях. Комплекс высоких эксплуатационных свойств ВЭС обеспечивает возможность их применения в различных отраслях промышленности. Отмечены перспективы использования энергетических обработок для модифицирования поверхностных слоев и дальнейшего повышения свойств ВЭС.

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