blackmetИзвестия высших учебных заведений. Черная МеталлургияIzvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy0368-07972410-2091National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"10.17073/0368-0797-2015-10-761-768blackmet-745Research ArticleМАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ И НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИMATERIAL SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIESУГЛЕРОД, АЗОТ И ВОДОРОД В СТАЛЯХ: ПЛАСТИЧНОСТЬ И ХРУПКОСТЬCARBON, NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN IN STEELS: PLASTICITY AND BRITTLENESSГаврилюкВ. Г.GavriljukV. G.

д.т.н., профессор, заведующий отделом физических основ легирования сталей и сплавов

Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Department of physical bases of alloying of steels and alloys

gavr@imp.kiev.uaИнститут металлофизики им. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН Украины (03680, Украина, г. Киев, бульвар Академика Вернадского, 36)РоссияInstitute for Metal Physics of the N.A.S of Ukraine (36, Akademika Vernadskogo Blvd., Kiev, 03680, Ukraine)Russian Federation2015281120155810761768Copyright © Гаврилюк В.Г., 20152015Гаврилюк В.Г.Gavriljuk V.G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/745

Элементы внедрения в стали (углерод, азот и водород) анализируются в терминах их влияния на электронную структуру, свойства дислокаций, упрочнение и разрушение. Подобие и различия в механических свойствах соответствующих твердых растворов контролируются влиянием этих элементов на плотность электронных состояний на уровне Ферми железа и, соответственно, на концентрацию свободных электронов. Углерод уменьшает, а азот и водород увеличивают концентрацию свободных электронов, вследствие чего изменяется характер межатомного взаимодействия, а именно, усиливается его ковалентная или металлическая компоненты. В приближении подвижных и неподвижных атомов внедрения анализируется скорость дислокаций в процессе деформации. В первом случае атомы внедрения являются препятствиями для дислокационного скольжения дислокаций, подвижность дислокаций определяется энтальпией связи дислокаций с примесными атомами. Если атомы внедрения могут сопровождать дислокации, то локально изменяется характер межатомной связи в дислокационных атмосферах, а это влияет на удельную энергию дислокаций и расстояние между ними в плоских скоплениях. На основе выполненных исследований объяснено существенное подобие между водородной хрупкостью аустенитных сталей и наличием вязко-хрупкого перехода в случае их легирования азотом.

Interstitial elements in steel, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, areanalyzed in terms of their effect on the electron structure, propertiesof dislocations, strengthening, plasticity and fracture. It is shown that similarities and differences in the mechanical properties of corresponding solid solutions are controlled by the effect of the above mentioned elements on the density of electron states at the iron Fermi level and, as a result, on the concentration of free electrons. The latter is decreased by the carbon and increased due to nitrogen and hydrogen in the iron, which changes the character of interatomic bonds: carbon enhances their covalent component, whereas nitrogen and hydrogen strengthen the metallic one. The velocity of dislocations in the course of plastic deformation is discussed using the approach of mobile and immobile interstitial atoms. In the fi rst case, they are obstacles for dislocation slip, and mobility of dislocations is determined by the enthalpy of binding between interstitial atoms and dislocations. If interstitial atoms are suffi ciently mobile to accompany dislocations, the character of interatomic bonds within the interstitial clouds around the dislocations is locally changed. As a result, the specifi c energy of dislocations (line tension) and the distance between them in the pile-ups are changed in accordance with the local change of the shear modulus around the dislocations. Based on the performed studies, the effect of interstitial elements on the mechanical properties of steels is discussed. Particularly, the essential similarity between the hydrogen-caused brittleness and the nitrogen-induced ductile-to-brittle transition in the austenitic steels is interpreted.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.