blackmetИзвестия высших учебных заведений. Черная МеталлургияIzvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy0368-07972410-2091National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"10.17073/0368-0797-2026-2-163-169blackmet-3045Research ArticleМЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИMETALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGIESАдаптация к изменениям климата в промышленном регионе при производстве стали: обзор мирового опытаAdaptation to climate change in an industrial region with steel production: Review of global experiencehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0862-710XКрупноваТ. Г.KrupnovaT. G.

Татьяна Георгиевна Крупнова, к.х.н., доцент кафедры экологии и природопользования

Россия, 454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76

Tatyana G. Krupnova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assist. Prof. of the Chair of Ecology and Nature Management

76 Lenina Ave., Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation

krupnovatg@susu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-5933РаковаО. В.RakovaO. V.

Ольга Викторовна Ракова, к.х.н., доцент кафедры экологии и природопользования

Россия, 454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76

Olga V. Rakova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assist. Prof. of the Chair of Ecology and Nature Management

76 Lenina Ave., Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation

rakovaov@susu.ruЮжно-Уральский государственный университетРоссияSouth Ural State UniversityRussian Federation202626042026692163169Copyright © Крупнова Т.Г., Ракова О.В., 20262026Крупнова Т.Г., Ракова О.В.Krupnova T.G., Rakova O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/3045

Черная металлургия считается одной из самых сложных отраслей для декарбонизации из-за высоких требований к теплу использования углерода в качестве технологического сырья, низкой рентабельности, высокой капиталоемкости и длительного срока службы активов. Авторы рассматривают новейшие исследования в области технологии и практики декарбонизации производства чугуна и стали. В обзоре оцениваются существующие и новые методы декарбонизации, а также потенциально революционные технологии. Проведенный анализ показал, что существует несколько перспективных способов производства железа в промышленных масштабах без выбросов CO2 . В настоящее время на стадии пилотирования и перехода к демонстрационным проектам находятся две передовые технологии безуглеродного получения стали. Это прямое восстановление железа «зеленым» электролитически полученным водородом и прямой электролиз железной руды. Особое внимание в обзоре уделено инновационным технологиям улавливания, использования и хранения углерода (CCUS), в особенности такой перспективной технологи, как карбонизация сталеплавильных шлаков. Рассматривае­мые в обзоре существующие барьеры на пути к декарбонизации и инструменты могут помочь их преодолеть. В целом, хотя передовые технологии декарбонизации являются ключевыми рычагами для сокращения выбросов, пока они очень дороги и находятся в большинстве своем на стадии пилотирования. С точки зрения экономики, более выгодно модернизировать существующие объекты с помощью CCUS, чем строить новые мощности с использованием альтернативных технологий. Также в обзоре указаны пробелы в исследованиях.

Ferrous metallurgy is considered as one of the most difficult industries to decarbonize due to the high heat requirements of using carbon as a process feedstock, low profitability, high capital intensity, and long asset life. The authors review the latest researches in the field of technology and practice of decarbonization of cast iron and steel production. The paper evaluates existing and new decarbonization methods, as well as potentially revolutionary technologies. The analysis showed that there are several promising ways to produce iron on an industrial scale without CO2 emissions. Currently, two advanced technologies for carbon-free steel production are at the stage of piloting and transition to demonstration projects. These are direct reduction of iron with “green” electrolytically produced hydrogen and direct electrolysis of iron ore. The review focuses on innovative technologies for carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS), especially promising technologies such as carbonization of steelmaking slags. The authors discuss the existing barriers to decarbonization and the tools that can help to overcome them. In general, although advanced decarbonization technologies are key levers for reducing emissions, they are still very expensive and are mostly at the pilot stage. From an economic point of view, it is more profitable to modernize existing facilities using CCUS than to build new facilities using alternative technologies. The review also highlights gaps in previous research works.

изменение климатапарниковые газыдекарбонизация производства сталииспользование ломатехнологии улавливания и хранения углеродакарбонизация сталеплавильных шлаковжелезо прямого восстановленияэлектролиз железной рудыclimate changeclimatically active gasesdecarbonization of steel productionscrap usetechnologies for carbon captureuse and storagesteelmaking slags carbonizationdirect reduction ironiron ore electrolysisИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 24-27-20017) и при финансовой поддержке Правительства Челябинской области, https://rscf.ru/prjcard_int?24-27-20017. * По материалам XVIII Международного Конгресса сталеплавильщиков (г. Санкт-Петербург).The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 24-27-20017) and the Government of the Chelyabinsk region, https://rscf.ru/prjcard_int?24-27-20017. * Based on the Materials of the 18th International Congress of Steelmakers (Saint Petersburg).ReferencesDoucet F.J. Effective CO2-specific sequestration capacity of steel slags and variability in their leaching behaviour in view of industrial mineral carbonation. Minerals Engineering. 2010;23(3):262–269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.006Doucet F.J. Effective CO2-specific sequestration capacity of steel slags and variability in their leaching behaviour in view of industrial mineral carbonation. Minerals Engineering. 2010;23(3):262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.006Никифоров Г.В. Энергосбережение на металлургических предприятиях. Магнитогорск: МГТУ им. Г.И. Носова; 2000:282.Nikiforov G.V. Energy Saving at Metallurgical Enterprises. Magnitogorsk: Nosov MSTU; 2000:282. (In Russ.).Carpenter A. CO2 abatement in the iron and steel industry. In: IEA Clean Coal Cent; 2012:119.Carpenter A. CO2 abatement in the iron and steel industry. In: IEA Clean Coal Cent; 2012:119.Hasanbeigi A., Price L.K., McKane A.T. The State-of-the-Art Clean Technologies (SOACT) for Steelmaking. Handbook. Washington; 2010:138.Hasanbeigi A., Price L.K., McKane A.T. The State-of-the-Art Clean Technologies (SOACT) for Steelmaking. Handbook. Washington; 2010:138.Den Elzen M.G.J., Dafnomilis I., Forsell N., Fragkos P., Fragkiadakis K., Höhne N., Kuramochi T., Nascimento L., Roelfsema M., Van Soest H., Sperling F. Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengtheningф further to keep Paris goals within reach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2022;27(6):33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10008-7Den Elzen M.G.J., Dafnomilis I., Forsell N., Fragkos P., Fragkiadakis K., Höhne N., Kuramochi T., Nascimento L., Roelfsema M., Van Soest H., Sperling F. Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengtheningф further to keep Paris goals within reach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2022;27(6):33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10008-7International Energy Agency. Net Zero Emissions by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. France; 2021:224.International Energy Agency. Net Zero Emissions by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. France; 2021:224.International Energy Agency. Net Zero Emissions by 2050: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach. France; 2023:226.International Energy Agency. Net Zero Emissions by 2050: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach. France; 2023:226.Янушанец С.Н., Ветрова М.А. CCUS-технологии: мировой опыт и перспективы для Российской Федерации. Креативная экономика. 2023;17(6):2205–2222.Yanushanets S.N., Vetrova M.A. CCUS technology: World experience and prospects for the Russian Federation. Kreativnaya ekonomika. 2023;17(6):2205–2222. (In Russ.).Грушевенко Е.В., Капитонов С.А., Ляшик Ю.А., Гайда И.В., Осипцов А.А. Анализ конкурентоспособности технологий CCUS: технологическая готовность и экономика. PROНЕФТЬ. Профессионально о нефти. 2023;8(1(27)):158–176.Grushevenko E.V., Kapitonov S.A., Lyashik Yu.A., Gai­da I.V., Osiptsov A.A. CCUS technology competitiveness analysis: Technology readiness level and econo­mics. PRONEFT. Professionally about oil. 2023;8(1(27)): 158–176. (In Russ.).Томаш А.А., Сущенко А.В., Томаш М.А. Традиционные и новые методы расчета доменной плавки. Вестник При­азовского государственного технического университета. 2008;18:9–14.Tomash A.A., Sushchenko A.V., Tomash M.A. Traditional and new methods of calculating pre-exchange melting. Bulletin of the Azov State Technical University. 2008;18:9–14. (In Russ.).Yan Z., Htet T.T., Hage J., Meijer K., Li Z. HIsarna process simulation model: using FactSage with macro facility. Metal­lurgical and Materials Transactions. 2023;54(2):868–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02732-5Yan Z., Htet T.T., Hage J., Meijer K., Li Z. HIsarna process simulation model: using FactSage with macro facility. Metal­lurgical and Materials Transactions. 2023;54(2):868–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-023-02732-5Van Boggelen J., Hage H., Meijer K., Zeilstra C. HIsarna: A technology to meet both the climate and circularity challenges for the iron and steel industry. In: REWAS 2022: Developing Tomorrow’s Technical Cycles (Volume I). The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Cham: Springer; 2022;1:595–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92563-5_63Van Boggelen J., Hage H., Meijer K., Zeilstra C. HIsarna: A technology to meet both the climate and circularity challenges for the iron and steel industry. In: REWAS 2022: Developing Tomorrow’s Technical Cycles (Volume I). The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Cham: Springer; 2022;1:595–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92563-5_63Люнген Х.Б., Шпрехер М. Гибкие решения в сталелитейной отрасли для сокращения выбросов CO2 и повышения эффективности производства. Черные металлы. 2017;(11):64–71.Lüngen H.B., Sprecher M. Flexible solutions in the steel industry to reduce CO2 emissions and increase production efficiency. Chernye Metally. 2017;(11):64–71. (In Russ.).Ostovari H., Sternberg A., Bardow A. Rock ‘n’ use of CO2: carbon footprint of carbon capture and utilization by mine­ralization. Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 2020;(9):4482–4496. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00190BOstovari H., Sternberg A., Bardow A. Rock ‘n’ use of CO2: carbon footprint of carbon capture and utilization by mine­ralization. Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 2020;(9):4482–4496. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00190BTian S.C., Jiang J.G., Li K.M., Yan F., Chen X.J. Performance of steel slag in carbonation-calcination looping for CO2 capture from industrial flue gas. RSC Advances. 2014;(14):6858–6862. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47426gTian S.C., Jiang J.G., Li K.M., Yan F., Chen X.J. Performance of steel slag in carbonation-calcination looping for CO2 capture from industrial flue gas. RSC Advances. 2014;(14):6858–6862. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47426gZhang X., Jiao K., Zhang J., Guo Z. A review on low carbon emissions projects of steel industry in the World. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;306:127259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127259Zhang X., Jiao K., Zhang J., Guo Z. A review on low carbon emissions projects of steel industry in the World. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;306:127259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127259Yi H., Xu G., Cheng H., Wang J., Wan Y., Chen H. An overview of utilization of steel slag. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012;16(6):791–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.108Yi H., Xu G., Cheng H., Wang J., Wan Y., Chen H. An overview of utilization of steel slag. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012;16(6):791–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.108Kim J., Sovacool B.K., Bazilian M., Griffiths S., Lee J., Yang M., Lee J. Decarbonizing the iron and steel industry: A systematic review of sociotechnical systems, technological innovations, and policy options. Energy Research & Social Science. 2022;89(3):102565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102565Kim J., Sovacool B.K., Bazilian M., Griffiths S., Lee J., Yang M., Lee J. Decarbonizing the iron and steel industry: A systematic review of sociotechnical systems, technological innovations, and policy options. Energy Research & Social Science. 2022;89(3):102565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102565Pan S.-Y., Chen Y.-H., Fan L.-S., Kim H., Gao X., Ling T.-C., Chiang P.-C., Pei S.-L., Gu G. CO2 mineralization and utilization by alkaline solid wastes for potential carbon reduction. Nature Sustainability. 2020;3:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0486-9Pan S.-Y., Chen Y.-H., Fan L.-S., Kim H., Gao X., Ling T.-C., Chiang P.-C., Pei S.-L., Gu G. CO2 mineralization and utilization by alkaline solid wastes for potential carbon reduction. Nature Sustainability. 2020;3:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0486-9Zhao Q., Chu X., Mei X., Meng Q., Meng Q., Li J., Liu C. Co-treatment of waste from steelmaking processes: steel slag-based carbon capture and storage by mineralization. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2020;8:571504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.571504Zhao Q., Chu X., Mei X., Meng Q., Meng Q., Li J., Liu C. Co-treatment of waste from steelmaking processes: steel slag-based carbon capture and storage by mineralization. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2020;8:571504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.571504Yi Z., Wang T., Guo R. Sustainable building material from CO2 mineralization slag: aggregate for concretes and effect of CO2 curing. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2020;40:101196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101196Yi Z., Wang T., Guo R. Sustainable building material from CO2 mineralization slag: aggregate for concretes and effect of CO2 curing. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2020;40:101196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101196Chiang P.-C., Pan S.-Y. Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization. Singapore: Springer; 2017:452.Chiang P.-C., Pan S.-Y. Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization. Singapore: Springer; 2017:452.Pan S.-Y., Chung T.-C., Ho C.-C., Hou C.-J., Chen Y.-H., Chiang P.-C. CO2 mineralization and utilization using steel slag for establishing a waste-to-resource supply chain. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:117227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17648-9Pan S.-Y., Chung T.-C., Ho C.-C., Hou C.-J., Chen Y.-H., Chiang P.-C. CO2 mineralization and utilization using steel slag for establishing a waste-to-resource supply chain. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:117227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17648-9Di Maria A., Snellings R., Alaerts L., Quaghebeur M., Van Acker K. Environmental assessment of CO2 mineralisation for sustainable construction materials. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2020;93:102882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102882Di Maria A., Snellings R., Alaerts L., Quaghebeur M., Van Acker K. Environmental assessment of CO2 mineralisation for sustainable construction materials. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2020;93:102882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102882Атаманов С.В., Хайдаров Б.Б. Принудительная карбонизация сталеплавильных шлаков. Научный лидер. 2023;23(121):23–24.Atamanov S.V., Khaidarov B.B. Forced carbonation of steelmaking furnaces. Scientific leader. 2023;23(121):23–24 (In Russ.).Рузавин А.А. Утилизация сталеплавильных шлаков путем ускоренной карбонизации. Вестник Южно-Уральс­­кого государственного университета. Строительство и архитектура. 2018;18(3):68–72. https://doi.org/10.14529/build180310Ruzavin A.A. Disposal of steelmaking slags by accelerated carbonation. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Construction and architecture. 2018;18(3):68–72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14529/build180310Öhman A., Karakaya E., Urban F. Enabling the transition to a fossil-free steel sector: The conditions for technology transfer for hydrogen-based steelmaking in Europe. Energy Research & Social Science. 2022;84:102384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102384Öhman A., Karakaya E., Urban F. Enabling the transition to a fossil-free steel sector: The conditions for technology transfer for hydrogen-based steelmaking in Europe. Energy Research & Social Science. 2022;84:102384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102384Baasch S., Maschke J., Buhk J. An (in-)just transition? Sociotechnical imaginaries of the “green” hydrogen and steel transition in Bremen, Germany. Futures. 2024;164(3):103489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103489Baasch S., Maschke J., Buhk J. An (in-)just transition? Sociotechnical imaginaries of the “green” hydrogen and steel transition in Bremen, Germany. Futures. 2024;164(3):103489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103489Belova A., Quittkat C., Lehotský L., Knodt M., Osička J., Kemmerzell J. The more the merrier? Actors and ideas in the evolution of German hydrogen policy discourse. Energy Research & Social Science. 2023;97:102965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102965Belova A., Quittkat C., Lehotský L., Knodt M., Osička J., Kemmerzell J. The more the merrier? Actors and ideas in the evolution of German hydrogen policy discourse. Energy Research & Social Science. 2023;97:102965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.102965Галицкая Е.А, Жданеев О.В. Развитие электролизных технологий получения водорода в Российской Федерации. Экология и промышленность России. 2022;26(12):57–63. https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-12-57-63Galitskaya E., Zhdaneev O. Development of electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production in the Russian Federation. Ecology and Industry of Russia. 2022;26(12):57–63. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-12-57-63Рощин В.Е., Гамов П.А., Рощин А.В., Салихов С.П. Перспективы освоения водородных технологий в отечественной металлургии. Черная металлургия. Бюллетень научно-технической и экономической информации. 2023;79(2):144–153. https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-2-144-153Roshchin V.E., Gamov P.A., Roshchin A.V., Salikhov S.P. Prospects for the development of hydrogen technologies in the domestic metallurgy. Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific, Technical and Economic Information. 2023;79(2):144–153. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-2-144-153Рощин В.Е., Дрозин А.Д., Гамов П.А., Смирнов К.И. Декарбонизация сталеплавильного производства с позиций электронной теории восстановления металлов. Черные металлы. 2023;(2):10–16. https://doi.org/10.17580/chm.2023.02.02Roshchin V.E., Drozin A.D., Gamov P. A., Smirnov K.I. Decarbonization of steelmaking from the standpoint of the electronic theory of metal reduction. Chernye Metally. 2023;(2):10–16. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17580/chm.2023.02.02Junjie Y. Progress and future of breakthrough low-carbon steelmaking technology (ULCOS) of EU. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2018;3(2):15–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20180302.11Junjie Y. Progress and future of breakthrough low-carbon steelmaking technology (ULCOS) of EU. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2018;3(2):15–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20180302.11Cavaliere P. Electrolysis of iron ores: Most efficient technologies for greenhouse emissions abatement. In: Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement. Switzerland: Springer; 2019;624:556–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21209-4_10Cavaliere P. Electrolysis of iron ores: Most efficient technologies for greenhouse emissions abatement. In: Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement. Switzerland: Springer; 2019;624:556–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21209-4_10Judge W.D., Allanore A., Sadoway D.R., Azimi G. E-logpO2 diagrams for ironmaking by molten oxide electrolysis. Electrochimica Acta. 2017;247:1088–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.059Judge W.D., Allanore A., Sadoway D.R., Azimi G. E-logpO2 diagrams for ironmaking by molten oxide electrolysis. Electrochimica Acta. 2017;247:1088–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.059

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.