<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2026-1-59-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-3017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности вискозиметрического эксперимента методом крутильных колебаний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of viscosimetric experiment by the oscillating-cup method</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-454X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельтюков</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beltyukov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Леонидович Бельтюков, к.ф.-м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Россия, 426067, Удмуртская Республика, ул. им. Татьяны Барамзиной, 34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatolii L. Beltyukov, Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Leading Researcher</p><p>34 Tat’yany Baramzinoi Str., Izhevsk, Udmurtian Republic 426067, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">albeltyukov@udman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-4815</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олянина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olyanina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Владимировна Олянина, к.ф.-м.н., научный сотрудник</p><p>Россия, 426067, Удмуртская Республика, ул. им. Татьяны Барамзиной, 34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Olyanina, Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Research Associate</p><p>34 Tat’yany Baramzinoi Str., Izhevsk, Udmurtian Republic 426067, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oljanina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Удмуртский федеральный исследовательский центр Уральского отделения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бельтюков А.Л., Олянина Н.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бельтюков А.Л., Олянина Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Beltyukov A.L., Olyanina N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/3017">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/3017</self-uri><abstract><p>Метод крутильных колебаний является наиболее распространенным методом изучения вязкости металлических расплавов при высоких температурах. Между тем, данные различных авторов, полученные этим методом, могут отличаться на несколько десятков процентов. Причины такого расхождения заключаются в особенностях метода, которые влияют на результаты измерений условий эксперимента. В настоящей работе рассмотрено влияние граничных условий на верхней границе расплава и способов предварительной подготовки образца на результаты измерений вязкости. Показано, что при определенных условиях эксперимента на политермах могут возникать аномалии, имеющие методическую природу. Рассмотренные особенности эксперимента являются следствием пленочных эффектов, явлений смачивания и необратимых процессов в системе расплав – тигель. Предложены методические приемы, позволяющие выявить и исключить их влияние на результаты вискозиметрии. Пленочные эффекты обусловлены изменением состояния поверхности расплава в результате образования вязкой пленки. Для их исключения измерения вязкости следует проводить с применением различных граничных условий на верхней границе расплава. Влияние явлений смачивания вызвано образованием мениска верхней границы расплава. При измерении вязкости в тиглях с крышкой на расплаве исключение влияния смачивания возможно подбором режимов предварительного переплава, либо подбором массы крышки. Необратимые процессы в системе расплав – тигель связаны с постепенным разрушением тигля при охлаждении образца ниже температуры кристаллизации из-за высокой адгезии сплава к стенкам тигля и различий коэффициентов теплового расширения. Для их исключения предложен режим переплава образца с перегревом расплава до максимальной температуры, предполагаемой в последующем цикле измерений, и охлаждением до температуры на 100 °С ниже температуры затвердевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The oscillating-cup method is the most common method for studying the metallic melts viscosity at high temperatures. However, the data obtained by different authors using this method may differ by several tens of percent. The reasons for this lie in the features of the method which lead to the influence of experimental conditions on the measurement results. In this paper, the boundary conditions influence at the melt upper boundary and processes of preliminary sample preparation on the viscosity measurements results is considered. It is shown that under certain experimental conditions, anomalies of a methodological nature can occur on polytherms. The considered features of the experiment are a consequence of film effects, wetting phenomena and irreversible processes in the melt-crucible system. Methodological processes are proposed that allow us to identify and eliminate their influence on the viscometry results. Film effects are caused by changes in the melt surface condition as a result of formation of a viscous film. To eliminate them, viscosity measurements should be carried out using different boundary conditions at the melt upper boundary. The wetting phenomena influence is caused by the meniscus formation at the upper boundary of the melt. When measuring viscosity in crucibles with a lid on the melt, the wetting influence can be eliminated by selecting the modes of preliminary remelting or by selecting the lid mass. Irreversible processes in the melt-crucible system are associated with the crucible gradual destruction when the sample is cooled below the crystallization temperature due to the high adhesion of the alloy to the crucible walls and differences in their thermal expansion coefficients. To eliminate them, the authors proposed a mode of the sample remelting with overheating of the melt to the maximum temperature expected in the subsequent measurement cycle and cooling to a temperature 100 ºС below its solidification temperature.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расплав</kwd><kwd>вязкость</kwd><kwd>метод крутильных колебаний</kwd><kwd>декремент затухания</kwd><kwd>аномалии политерм</kwd><kwd>вязкая пленка</kwd><kwd>мениск</kwd><kwd>адгезия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melt</kwd><kwd>viscosity</kwd><kwd>oscillating-cup method</kwd><kwd>damping decrement</kwd><kwd>anomalies on the polytherm</kwd><kwd>viscous film</kwd><kwd>meniscus</kwd><kwd>adhesion</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">По материалам XVI Международной научной конференции «Физико-химические основы металлургических процессов» имени академика А.М. Самарина.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фиалков Ю.Я. Физико-химический анализ жидких систем и растворов. Киев: Наукова думка; 1992:245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fialkov Yu.Ya. Physicochemical Analysis of Liquid Systems and Solutions. Kiev: Naukova Dumka; 1992:245. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шешуков О.Ю., Невидимов В.Н., Некрасов И.В., Метелкин А.А., Цепелев В.С. Развитие исследований физико-химических свойств оксидных и металлических расплавов. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2025;68(1): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2025-1-76-83</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheshukov O.Yu., Nevidimov V.N., Nekrasov I.V., Metelkin A.A., Tsepelev V.S. Development of research on the physico-chemical properties of oxide and metal melts. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2025;68(1):76–83. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2025-1-76-83</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вертман А.А., Самарин А.М. Свойства расплавов железа. Москва: Наука; 1969:260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vertman A.A., Samarin A.M. Properties of Iron Melts. Moscow: Nauka; 1969:260. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вертман А.А., Самарин А.М. Методы исследования свойств металлических расплавов. Москва: Наука; 1969:197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vertman A.A., Samarin A.M. Methods for Studying the Properties of Metal Melts. Moscow: Nauka; 1969:197. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondratyuk N., Ryltsev R., Ankudinov V., Chtchelkatchev N. First-principles calculations of the viscosity in multicomponent metallic melts: Al-Cu-Ni as a test case. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2023;380:121751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratyuk N., Ryltsev R., Ankudinov V., Chtchelkatchev N. First-principles calculations of the viscosity in multicomponent metallic melts: Al-Cu-Ni as a test case. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2023;380:121751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks R.F., Dinsdale A.T., Quested P.N. The measurement of viscosity of alloys – A review of methods, data and models. Measurement Science and Technology. 2005;16: 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/2/005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks R.F., Dinsdale A.T., Quested P.N. The measurement of viscosity of alloys – A review of methods, data and models. Measurement Science and Technology. 2005;16: 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/2/005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kehr M., Hoyer W., Egry I. A New high-temperature oscilla­ting cup viscometer. International Journal of Thermophy­sics. 2007;28:1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0216-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kehr M., Hoyer W., Egry I. A New high-temperature oscilla­ting cup viscometer. International Journal of Thermophy­sics. 2007;28:1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-007-0216-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato Y. Representation of the viscosity of molten alloy as a function of the composition and temperature. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2011;50(11S):11RD01. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.50.11RD01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato Y. Representation of the viscosity of molten alloy as a function of the composition and temperature. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2011;50(11S):11RD01. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.50.11RD01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конашков В.В., Цепелев В.С., Вьюхин В.В., Поводатор А.М., Подольская А.И. Автоматизированная установка для изучения кинематической вязкости высокотемпературных металлических расплавов. Приборы и техника эксперимента. 2011;(2):149–150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konashkov V.V., Tsepelev V.S., V’yukhin V.V., Povodator A.M., Podol’skaya A.I. A computer-aided plant for studying the kinematic viscosity of high-temperature metallic melts. Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2011;54(2): 284–285. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441211020187</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Швидковский Е.Г. Некоторые вопросы вязкости жидких металлов. Москва: Гостехиздат; 1955:208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shvidkovskii E.G. Some Questions of Viscosity of Molten Metals. Moscow: Gostekhizdat; 1955:208. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roscoe R. Viscosity determination by the oscillating vessel method I: Theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the Physical Society. 1958;72(4):576–584. http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-1328/72/4/312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roscoe R. Viscosity determination by the oscillating vessel method I: Theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the Physical Society. 1958;72(4):576–584. http://iopscience.iop.org/0370-1328/72/4/312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assael M.J., Kakosimos K., Banish R.M., Brillo J., Egry I., Brooks R., Quested P.N., Mills K.C., Nagashima A., Sato Y., Wakeham W.A. Reference data for the density and viscosity of liquid aluminum and liquid iron. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 2006;35(1):285–300. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2149380</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assael M.J., Kakosimos K., Banish R.M., Brillo J., Egry I., Brooks R., Quested P.N., Mills K.C., Nagashima A., Sato Y., Wakeham W.A. Reference data for the density and viscosity of liquid aluminum and liquid iron. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 2006;35(1):285–300. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2149380</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assael M.J., Armyra I.J., Brillo J., Stankus S.V., Wu J., Wakeham W.A. Reference data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc. Journal of Physical and Chemical Refe­rence Data. 2012;41(3):033101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assael M.J., Armyra I.J., Brillo J., Stankus S.V., Wu J., Wakeham W.A. Reference data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc. Journal of Physical and Chemical Refe­rence Data. 2012;41(3):033101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Островский О.И., Григорян В.А. О структурных пре­вращениях в металлических расплавах. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 1985;28(5):1–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrovskii O.I., Grigoryan V.A. On structural transformations in metallic melts. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 1985;28(5):1–12. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клименков Е.А., Баум Б.А. О возможности скачкообразных изменений структуры расплавов железа. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 1985;28(5):12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimenkov E.A., Baum B.A. On the possibility of leap changes in structure of iron melts. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 1985;28(5):12–17. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базин Ю.А., Замятин В.М., Насыйров Я.А., Емельянов А.В. О структурных превращениях в жидком алюминии. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 1985;28(5):28–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazin Yu.A., Zamyatin V.M., Nasyirov Ya.A., Emel’ya­nov A.V. On structural transformations in liquid aluminum. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 1985;28(5):28–33. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новохатский И.А., Кисунько В.З., Ладьянов В.И. Особенности проявлений различных типов структурных превращений в металлических расплавах. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 1985;28(9):1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novokhatskii I.A., Kisun’ko V.Z., Lad’yanov V.I. Features of demonstration of various types of structural transformations in metal melts. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 1985;28(9): 1–9. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu W., Shang J., Yin K., Ren N., Hu L., Zhao Y., Dong B. Generality of abnormal viscosity drop on cooling of CuZr alloy melts and its structural origin. Acta Materialia. 2020;196:690–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.07.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu W., Shang J., Yin K., Ren N., Hu L., Zhao Y., Dong B. Generality of abnormal viscosity drop on cooling of CuZr alloy melts and its structural origin. Acta Materialia. 2020;196:690–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.07.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тягунов А.Г., Барышев Е.Е., Тягунов Г.В., Мушников В.С., Цепелев В.С. Систематизация политерм физических свойств металлических расплавов. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2017;60(4):310–317. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2017-4-310-317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyagunov A.G., Baryshev E.E., Tyagunov G.V., Mushnikov V.S., Tsepelev V.S. Systematization of physical pro­perties polytherms of metallic melts. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metal­lurgy. 2017;60(4):310–317. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2017-4-310-317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai Y., Hu L., Qin J., Wang Z., Song K. General role of rare earth elements in dynamic characteristic of series of FeB-based bulk-glass-forming liquids. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2021;572:121119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai Y., Hu L., Qin J., Wang Z., Song K. General role of rare earth elements in dynamic characteristic of series of FeB-based bulk-glass-forming liquids. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2021;572:121119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельтюков А.Л., Гончаров О.Ю., Ладьянов В.И. Особенности политерм вязкости расплавов Fe-B. Журнал физической химии. 2017;91(10):1706–1711.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bel’tyukov A.L., Goncharov O.Yu., Lad’yanov V.I. Features of polytherms of the viscosity of Fe–B melts. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2017;91(10):1919–1924. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024417100065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олянина Н.В., Бельюков А.Л., Гончаров О.Ю., Ладьянов В.И. Влияние поверхностной пленки на результаты измерения вязкости расплава Co83B17 методом крутильных колебаний. Расплавы. 2012;(2):83–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olyanina N.V., Beltyukov A.L., Goncharov O.Yu., Lad’ya­nov V.I. Influence of the surface film on the measurement results of viscosity of Co83B17 melt by method of torsional vibrations. Rasplavy. 2012;(2):83–90. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельтюков А.Л., Ладьянов В.И. Автоматизированная установка для определения кинематической вязкости металлических расплавов. Приборы и техника эксперимента. 2008;(2):155–161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bel’tyukov A.L., Lad’yanov V.I. An automated setup for determining the kinematic viscosity of metal melts. Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2008;51(2):304–310. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441208020279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бескачко В.П., Вяткин Г.П., Писарев Н.М., Щека А.И. Влияние поверхностных пленок на результаты измерения вязкости по методу Швидковского I. Теория. Расплавы. 1990;(6):3–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beskachko V.P., Vyatkin G.P., Pisarev N.M., Shcheka A.I. Influence of surface films on the results of viscosity measurements by the Shvidkovsky method I. Theory. Rasplavy. 1990;(6):3–8. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nunes V.M.B., Lourenco M.J.V., Santos F.J.V., Nieto de Cast­ro C.A. The meniscus effect in viscosity determinations by the oscillating cup method. High Temperatures – High Pressures. 2003;35-6(1):75–80. https://doi.org/10.1068/htjr083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nunes V.M.B., Lourenco M.J.V., Santos F.J.V., Nieto de Cast­ro C.A. The meniscus effect in viscosity determinations by the oscillating cup method. High Temperatures – High Pressures. 2003;35-6(1):75–80. https://doi.org/10.1068/htjr083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельтюков А.Л., Олянина Н.В., Ладьянов В.И. Особен­ности измерения вязкости металлических расплавов методом крутильных колебаний. Расплавы. 2016;2:176–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bel’tyukov A.L., Olyanina N.V., Lad’yanov V.I. Torsional vibration measurement of the viscosity of a metallic melt. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2016;2016(2):156–161.  https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029516020026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баум Б.А., Хасин Г.А., Тягунов Г.В. и др. Жидкая сталь. Москва: Металлургия; 1984:208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baum B.A., Khasin G.A., Tyagunov G.V., etc. Liquid Steel. Moscow: Metallurgiya; 1984:208. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
