<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2026-1-23-30</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-3013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование влияния системы микролегирования и параметров термодеформационной обработки на прочность низкоуглеродистых сталей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of microalloying system and thermo-deformation treatment parameters on the strength of low-carbon steels</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3491-6589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дагман</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dagman</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Игорьевич Дагман, к.т.н., руководитель экспертного направления дирекции по разработке новых технологий процесса</p><p>Россия, 398040, Липецк, пл. Металлургов, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei I. Dagman, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Expert Direction of the Directorate of Development of New Process Technologies</p><p>2 Metallurgov Sqr., Lipetsk 398040, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dagman_ai@nlmk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колдаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koldaev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Викторович Колдаев, к.ф.-м.н., директор Научного центра физико-химических основ и технологий металлургии</p><p>Россия, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 23/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton V. Koldaev, Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Director of the Scientific Center for Physico-Chemical Foundations and Technologies of Metallurgy</p><p>23/9 Radio Str., Moscow 105005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.koldaev@chermet.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Науменко</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naumenko</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виталий Владимирович Науменко, к.т.н., руководитель программ Дирекции по исследованиям и разработке новых продуктов</p><p>Россия, 398040, Липецк, пл. Металлургов, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitalii V. Naumenko, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Program of the Directorate of Development of New Process Technologies</p><p>2 Metallurgov Sqr., Lipetsk 398040, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naumenko_vv@nlmk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-9217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнян</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutyunyan</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Анриевна Арутюнян, к.ф.-м.н., старший научный сотрудник, Центральный научно-исследовательский институт черной металлургии им. И.П. Бардина; научный сотрудник, Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</p><p>Россия, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 23/9</p><p>Россия, 119991, Москва, ул. Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya A. Arutyunyan, Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Senior Researcher, I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy; Research Associate, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</p><p>23/9 Radio Str., Moscow 105005, Russian Federation</p><p>1 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naarutyunyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матросов</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matrosov</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Юрьевич Матросов, к.т.н., заместитель директора На­­учного центра качественных сталей</p><p>Россия, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 23/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim Yu. Matrosov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Deputy Director of the Scientific Center for Quality Steel</p><p>23/9 Radio Str., Moscow 105005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mmatrossov0368@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьяконов</surname><given-names>Д. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>D’yakonov</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Львович Дьяконов, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Россия, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 23/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii L. D’yakonov, Senior Researcher</p><p>23/9 Radio Str., Moscow 105005, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aberkas@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ПАО «Новолипецкий металлургический комбинат»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>PJSC “Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский институт черной металлургии им. И.П. Бардина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский институт черной металлургии им. И.П. Бардина; Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дагман А.И., Колдаев А.В., Науменко В.В., Арутюнян Н.А., Матросов М.Ю., Дьяконов Д.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дагман А.И., Колдаев А.В., Науменко В.В., Арутюнян Н.А., Матросов М.Ю., Дьяконов Д.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dagman A.I., Koldaev A.V., Naumenko V.V., Arutyunyan N.A., Matrosov M.Y., D’yakonov D.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/3013">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/3013</self-uri><abstract><p>Низколегированные низкоуглеродистые стали широко востребованы при изготовлении объектов различного назначения благодаря превосходному сочетанию их служебных и технологических свойств. Стремление производителей к наиболее экономному использованию материальных ресурсов обуславливает актуальность поиска оптимальных химических составов и соответствующих технологических режимов. В статье представлены результаты исследования произведенного в лабораторных условиях горячекатаного проката низкоуглеродистых сталей, микролегированных Nb, Ti, V и Mo в различных сочетаниях и концентрациях. Для исследования структурного состояния использовали методы оптической и электронной микроскопии. Проведен анализ влияния режима завершающего этапа термодеформационной обработки в зависимости от системы микролегирования на структурное состояние, в том числе образование наноразмерных фазовых выделений разных типов, реализацию механизмов упрочнения и, соответственно, механические свойства проката. Различное сочетание значений температуры конца горячей прокатки, скорости охлаждения до температуры смотки и температуры смотки с системой микролегирования приводит к реализации разных механизмов упрочнения. При высоких скоростях охлаждения в сталях с молибденом формируется микроструктура бейнитного феррита, однако межфазные выделения не успевают образоваться. Для сталей, микролегированных ванадием, эти скорости не препятствуют выделению карбидов по межфазному механизму, поскольку из-за малого размера атом ванадия обладает большей диффузионной подвижностью по сравнению с ниобием. Количество межфазных выделений в сталях, микролегированных Nb – Ti, намного меньше, чем в сталях с молибденом. Выделений, образовавшихся в аустените, также больше в случае комплексного Nb – Ti – V – Mo микролегирования. Повышенные температуры конца прокатки и смотки способствуют реализации механизма дисперсионного твердения благодаря межфазным выделениям. При слишком низких значениях этих температур диффузионная подвижность атомов при охлаждении смотанного рулона низкая, что ограничивает выделение наноразмерных выделений в количестве, достаточном для эффективного дисперсионного твердения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Low-alloyed low-carbon steels are widely used in the manufacture of objects for various purposes due to the excellent combination of their service and technological properties. The desire of manufacturers to use material resources in the most economical way determines the relevance of searching for optimal chemical compositions and corresponding technological modes. The article presents the results of a study of hot-rolled low-carbon steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti, V and Mo in various combinations and concentrations produced in laboratory conditions. Optical and electron microscopy methods were used to study the structural state. An analysis was made of the influence of the final stage of thermo-deformation treatment and the microalloying system on the structural state, including formation of nanosized phase precipitates of different types, implementation of strengthening mechanisms and, accordingly, the mechanical properties of the rolled products. Different combinations of the values ​​of temperature of hot rolling end, the cooling rate to the coiling temperature, and the coiling temperature with the microalloying system lead to implementation of different strengthening mechanisms. At high cooling rates in steels with molybdenum, the microstructure of bainitic ferrite is formed, but interphase precipitates do not have time to form. For steels microalloyed with vanadium, these rates do not prevent the precipitation of carbides by the interphase mechanism, since due to the small size vanadium atom has a higher diffusion mobility compared to niobium. The amount of interphase precipitates in Nb – Ti microalloyed steels is less than in steels with molybdenum. The amount of precipitates formed in austenite is also greater in the case of complex Nb – Ti – V – Mo microalloying. Elevated temperatures of the rolling end and coiling contribute to implementation of the precipitation harde­ning mechanism due to interphase precipitates. At too low values ​​of these temperatures, the diffusion mobility of atoms during cooling of the wound roll is low, which limits the formation of nanosized precipitates in an amount sufficient for effective precipitation hardening.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>низколегированные низкоуглеродистые стали</kwd><kwd>предел текучести</kwd><kwd>предел прочности</kwd><kwd>морфология феррита</kwd><kwd>дисперсионное твердение</kwd><kwd>наноразмерные выделения</kwd><kwd>межфазные выделения</kwd><kwd>карбидные выделения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low-alloyed low-carbon steels</kwd><kwd>yield strength</kwd><kwd>tensile strength</kwd><kwd>ferrite morphology</kwd><kwd>precipitation hardening</kwd><kwd>nanosized precipitates</kwd><kwd>interphase precipitates</kwd><kwd>carbide precipitates</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kvackaj T., Bidulská J., Bidulský R. Overview of HSS steel grades development and study of reheating condition effects on austenite grain size changes. Materials. 2021;14(8):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081988</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kvackaj T., Bidulská J., Bidulský R. Overview of HSS steel grades development and study of reheating condition effects on austenite grain size changes. Materials. 2021;14(8):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081988</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belato Rosado D., De Waele W., Vanderschueren D., Hertelé S. Latest developments in mechanical properties and metallurgical features of high strength line pipe steels. International Journal of Sustainable Construction and Design. 2013;4(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.21825/scad.v4i1.742</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belato Rosado D., De Waele W., Vanderschueren D., Hertelé S. Latest developments in mechanical properties and metallurgical features of high strength line pipe steels. International Journal of Sustainable Construction and Design. 2013;4(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.21825/scad.v4i1.742</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaitsev A., Arutyunyan N. Low-carbon Ti-Mo microalloyed hot rolled steels: Special features of the formation of the structural state and mechanical properties. Metals. 2021;11(10):1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101584</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitsev A., Arutyunyan N. Low-carbon Ti-Mo microalloyed hot rolled steels: Special features of the formation of the structural state and mechanical properties. Metals. 2021;11(10):1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101584</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker T.N. Titanium microalloyed steels. Ironmaking &amp; Steelmaking. 2019;46(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1446496</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker T.N. Titanium microalloyed steels. Ironmaking &amp; Steelmaking. 2019;46(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1446496</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дагман А.И., Колдаев А.В., Казарин А.Ю., Арутюнян Н.А. Оценка перспектив замены ниобия ванадием в высокопрочных микролегированных сталях. Проблемы черной металлургии и материаловедения. 2024;(2):82–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dagman A.I., Koldaev A.V., Kazarin A.Yu., Arutyu­nyan N.A. Assessment of the prospects for replacing niobium with vanadium in high-strength microalloyed steels. Problemy chernoi metallurgii i materialovedeniya. 2024;(2): 82–90. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almatani R.A., DeArdo A.J. Rational alloy design of niobium-bearing HSLA steels. Metals. 2020;10(3):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030413</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almatani R.A., DeArdo A.J. Rational alloy design of niobium-bearing HSLA steels. Metals. 2020;10(3):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030413</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeArdo A.J. Niobium in modern steels. International Materials Review. 2003;48(6):371–402. https://doi.org/10.1179/095066003225008833</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeArdo A.J. Niobium in modern steels. International Materials Review. 2003;48(6):371–402. https://doi.org/10.1179/095066003225008833</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia C.I., Hua M., Cho K., DeArdo A.J. On the strength of microalloyed steels. An interpretive review. Materials Scien­ce and Technology. 2009;25(9):1074–1082. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328409X455233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia C.I., Hua M., Cho K., DeArdo A.J. On the strength of microalloyed steels. An interpretive review. Materials Scien­ce and Technology. 2009;25(9):1074–1082. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328409X455233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Miyamoto G., Furuhara T. Enhanced hardening by multiple microalloying in low carbon ferritic steels with interphase precipitation. Scripta Materialia. 2022;212:114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114558</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Miyamoto G., Furuhara T. Enhanced hardening by multiple microalloying in low carbon ferritic steels with interphase precipitation. Scripta Materialia. 2022;212:114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114558</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai Y., Wei R., Jin D., Cheng L., Wan X., Wu K. Comp­lex precipitation behavior and mechanism of NbC during ferrite transformation in a HSLA steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2024;55:3208–3213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-024-07515-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai Y., Wei R., Jin D., Cheng L., Wan X., Wu K. Comp­lex precipitation behavior and mechanism of NbC during ferrite transformation in a HSLA steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2024;55:3208–3213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-024-07515-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salahshoor M., Bardelcik A., Zhou T.T., Cathcart C. The effect of low temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of precipitation-strengthened HSLA steels alloyed with Ti and Nb. JOM. 2025;77:3561–3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-025-07277-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salahshoor M., Bardelcik A., Zhou T.T., Cathcart C. The effect of low temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of precipitation-strengthened HSLA steels alloyed with Ti and Nb. JOM. 2025;77:3561–3575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-025-07277-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев А.И., Родионова И.Г., Арутюнян Н.А., Дунаев С.Ф. Исследование закономерностей формирования фазовых выделений, структурного состояния и свойств микролегированных низкоуглеродистых сталей ферритного класса. Металлург. 2020;(8):21–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitsev A.I., Rodionova I.G., Arutyunyan N.A., Dunaev S.F. Investigation of regularities of phase precipitation formation, structural state and properties of microalloyed low-carbon steels of ferritic class. Metallurg. 2020;(8):21–27. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lagneborg R., Siwecki T., Zajac S., Hutchinson B. The role of vanadium in microalloyed steels. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy. 1999;28:186–241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lagneborg R., Siwecki T., Zajac S., Hutchinson B. The role of vanadium in microalloyed steels. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy. 1999;28:186–241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koldaev A.V., D’yakonov D.L., Zaitsev A.I., Arutyu­nyan N.A. Kinetics of the formation of nanosize niobium carbonitride precipitates in low-alloy structural steels. Metal­lurgist. 2017;60:1032–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0404-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koldaev A.V., D’yakonov D.L., Zaitsev A.I., Arutyu­nyan N.A. Kinetics of the formation of nanosize niobium carbonitride precipitates in low-alloy structural steels. Metal­lurgist. 2017;60:1032–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0404-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman T. Precipitation hardening in metals. Materials Scien­ce and Technology. 1999;15(1):30–36. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708399773002782</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman T. Precipitation hardening in metals. Materials Scien­ce and Technology. 1999;15(1):30–36. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708399773002782</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K., Wang H., Sun X.-J., Sui F.-L., Li Z.-D., Pu E.-X., Zhu Z.-H., Huang Z.-Y., Pan H.-B., Yong Q.-L. Precipitation behavior and microstructural evolution of ferritic Ti–V–Mo complex microalloyed steel. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 2018;31:997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0726-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K., Wang H., Sun X.-J., Sui F.-L., Li Z.-D., Pu E.-X., Zhu Z.-H., Huang Z.-Y., Pan H.-B., Yong Q.-L. Precipitation behavior and microstructural evolution of ferritic Ti–V–Mo complex microalloyed steel. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 2018;31:997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0726-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K., Li Z., Wang Z., Sun X., Yong Q. Precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of hot-rolled high strength Ti–Mo-bearing ferritic sheet steel: The great potential of nanometer-sized (Ti, Mo)C carbide. Journal of Materials Research. 2016;31:1254–1263. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K., Li Z., Wang Z., Sun X., Yong Q. Precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of hot-rolled high strength Ti–Mo-bearing ferritic sheet steel: The great potential of nanometer-sized (Ti, Mo)C carbide. Journal of Materials Research. 2016;31:1254–1263. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bu F.Z., Wang X.M., Yang S.W., Shang C.J., Misra R.D.K. Contribution of interphase precipitation on yield strength in thermomechanically simulated Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo microalloyed steels. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2014; 620:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bu F.Z., Wang X.M., Yang S.W., Shang C.J., Misra R.D.K. Contribution of interphase precipitation on yield strength in thermomechanically simulated Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo microalloyed steels. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2014; 620:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C.Y., Chen C.C., Yang J.R. Microstructure charac­terization of nanometer carbides heterogeneous precipitation in Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo steel. Materials Characterization. 2014; 88:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.11.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C.Y., Chen C.C., Yang J.R. Microstructure charac­terization of nanometer carbides heterogeneous precipitation in Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Mo steel. Materials Characterization. 2014; 88:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.11.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park D.-B., Huh M.-Y., Shim J.-H., Suh J.-Y., Lee K-H., Jung W.-S. Strengthening mechanism of hot rolled Ti and Nb microalloyed HSLA steels containing Mo and W with various coiling temperature. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2013;560:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.09.098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park D.-B., Huh M.-Y., Shim J.-H., Suh J.-Y., Lee K-H., Jung W.-S. Strengthening mechanism of hot rolled Ti and Nb microalloyed HSLA steels containing Mo and W with various coiling temperature. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2013;560:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.09.098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oono N., Nitta H., Iijima Y. Diffusion of niobium in α-iron. Materials Transactions. 2003;44(10):2078–2083. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.2078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oono N., Nitta H., Iijima Y. Diffusion of niobium in α-iron. Materials Transactions. 2003;44(10):2078–2083. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.2078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
