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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2025-6-572-580</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2992</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Упрочнение поверхностных слоев головки длинномерных рельсов при длительной эксплуатации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hardening of surface layers of long rail head during long-term operation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8823-4562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Анатольевна Попова, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник научно-учебной лаборатории «Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии», Томский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p><p>Россия, 634003, Томск, пл. Соляная, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal’ya A. Popova, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Scientific and Educational Laboratory “Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies”, Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p><p>2 Solyanaya Sqr., Tomsk 634003, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalya-popova-44@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-5343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Евгеньевич Громов, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. профессора В.М. Финкеля</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor E. Gromov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel’</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-4755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yur’ev</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Борисович Юрьев, д.т.н., профессор, ректор</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei B. Yur’ev, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Rector</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rector@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0396-9541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никоненко</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonenko</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Леонидовна Никоненко, к.ф.-м.н., доцент кафедры «Физика»</p><p>Россия, 634003, Томск, пл. Соляная, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena L. Nikonenko, Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Assist. Prof. of Chair of Physics</p><p>2 Solyanaya Sqr., Tomsk 634003, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vilatomsk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3602-5739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Порфирьев</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Porfir’ev</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Анатольевич Порфирьев, научный сотрудник Управления научных исследований</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Porfir’ev, Research Associate of Department of Scientific Researches</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mporf372@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет; Томский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University; Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Томский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>572</fpage><lpage>580</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Попова Н.А., Громов В.Е., Юрьев А.Б., Никоненко Е.Л., Порфирьев М.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попова Н.А., Громов В.Е., Юрьев А.Б., Никоненко Е.Л., Порфирьев М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popova N.A., Gromov V.E., Yur’ev A.B., Nikonenko E.L., Porfir’ev M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2992">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2992</self-uri><abstract><p>Начиная с 2018 года на АО «ЕВРАЗ Объединенный Западно-Сибирский металлургический комбинат» производятся рельсы категории ДТ400ИК повышенной износостойкости и циклической трещиностойкости для тяжеловесного движения и сложных участков пути с крутыми кривыми радиусом менее 650 м. Методом просвечивающей дифракционной электронной микроскопии изучены структурно-фазовые состояния и дефектная субструктура на разных расстояниях (0, 2, 10 мм) от поверхности контакта «колесо – рельс» вдоль центральной оси симметрии головки рельса («поверхность катания») и по радиусу скругления головки рельса («выкружка») дифференцированно закаленных длинномерных рельсов категории ДТ400ИК из заэвтектоидной стали после длительной эксплуатации на экспериментальном кольце РЖД (пропущенный тоннаж 187 млн т). На основании полученных параметров структуры выполнены количественные оценки дислокационной субструктуры и основных механизмов упрочнения (упрочнение перлитной составляющей, некогерентными частицами цементита, границами зерен и субграницами, дислокационной субструктурой и внутренними полями напряжений), в различных морфологических составляющих и в целом по материалу, формирующих аддитивный предел текучести в исследуемой стали. Проведено сравнение количественных параметров тонкой структуры и вкладов в упрочнение на «поверхности катания» и «выкружке». Вблизи контакта «колесо – рельс» на поверхности катания превалирующей морфологической составляющей является субзеренная структура, в выкружке – феррито-карбидная смесь (полностью разрушенный перлит). Прочность металла головки рельсов зависит от расстояния до поверхности контакта «колесо – рельс». Основным механизмом упрочнения на поверхности катания является упрочнение полями внутренних напряжений, в выкружке – упрочнение некогерентными частицами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Starting in 2018, JSC EVRAZ United West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ ZSMK) produced rails of the DT400IK category with increased wear resistance and cyclic crack resistance for heavy traffic and difficult sections of track with steep curves with a radius of less than 650 m. The method of transmission diffraction electron microscopy was used to study the structural and phase states and defect substructure at different distances (0, 2, 10 mm) from the “wheel – rail” contact surface along the central axis of symmetry of the rail head (tread surface) and along the radius of rounding of the rail head (fillet) of differentially hardened long rails of the DT400IK category made of hypereutectoid steel after long-term operation on the experimental ring of Russian Railways (passed tonnage of 187 million tons). Based on the obtained structure parameters, the quantitative estimates were made of the dislocation substructure and main strengthening mechanisms (strengthening of the pearlite component, incoherent cementite particles, grain boundaries and subboundaries, dislocation substructure and internal stress fields) in various morphological components and in the material as a whole, forming the additive yield strength in the studied steel. A comparison of the quantitative parameters of the fine structure and contributions to strengthening on the tread surface and fillet was carried out. It was established that near the “wheel – rail” contact on the tread surface the prevailing morphological component is the subgrain structure, in the fillet – a ferrite-carbide mixture (completely destroyed pearlite). Strength of the rail head metal depends on the distance to the “wheel – rail” contact surface. It is shown that the main streng­thening mechanisms on the tread surface are strengthening by internal stress fields, in the fillet – strengthening by incoherent particles.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рельсы</kwd><kwd>выкружка</kwd><kwd>поверхность катания</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>заэвтектоидная сталь</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>параметры тонкой структуры</kwd><kwd>механизмы упрочнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rails</kwd><kwd>fillet</kwd><kwd>tread surface</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>hypereutectoid steel</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>fine structure parameters</kwd><kwd>strengthening mechanisms</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (тема № FEMN-2023-0003). Авторы выражают благодарность Е.В. Полевому за предоставленные образцы и И.Ю. Литовченко за помощь в проведении ПЭМ-исследований.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (topic No. FEMN-2023-0003). The authors express their gratitude to E.V. Polevoi for the samples provided, and I.Yu. Litovchenko for assistance in conducting TEM studies.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шур Е.А. Повреждения рельсов. Москва: Интекст; 2012:192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shur E.A. Rail Damage. Moscow: Intekst; 2012:192. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steenbergen M. Rolling contact fatigue: Spalling versus transverse fracture of rails. 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