<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2024-6-696-701</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2805</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние режима 3D-печати на структуру и усталостную прочность стали 30ХГСА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of 3D printing mode on structure and fatigue strength of 30CrMnSi steel</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манцеров</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mantserov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Александрович Манцеров, к.т.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Автоматизация машиностроения», директор Института промышленных технологий машиностроения</p><p>Россия, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei A. Mantserov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Prof., Head of the Chair “Automation of Mechanical Engineering”, Director of the Institute of Industrial Technologies of Mechanical Engineering”</p><p>24 Minina Str., Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mca_9@nntu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аносов</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anosov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Сергеевич Аносов, к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Технология и оборудование машиностроения»</p><p>Россия, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim S. Anosov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Prof. of the Chair “Techno­logy and Equipment Engineering”</p><p>24 Minina Str., Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anosov-maksim@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мордовина</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mordovina</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Сергеевна Мордовина, инженер кафедры «Технология и оборудование машиностроения», аспирант</p><p>Россия, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya S. Mordovina, Engineer of the Chair “Technology and Equipment Engineering”</p><p>24 Minina Str., Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ips4@nntu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернигин</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernigin</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Алексеевич Чернигин, инженер кафедры «Технология и оборудование машиностроения», аспирант</p><p>Россия, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Chernigin, Engineer of the Chair “Technology and Equipment Engineering”, Postgraduate</p><p>24 Minina Str., Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">honeybadger52@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р. Е. Алексеева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>696</fpage><lpage>701</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Манцеров С.А., Аносов М.С., Мордовина Ю.С., Чернигин М.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Манцеров С.А., Аносов М.С., Мордовина Ю.С., Чернигин М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mantserov S.A., Anosov M.S., Mordovina Y.S., Chernigin M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2805">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2805</self-uri><abstract><p>Современное производство активно занимается поиском возможностей получения заготовок изделий наиболее экономически выгодными способами. Одним из перспективных методов получения заготовок является электродуговая наплавка (WAAM), применяемая в данной работе. Целью исследования являлось изучение влияние режима электродуговой наплавки на структуру и усталостную прочность образцов из стали 30ХГСА. Для получения образцов были наплавлены две стенки по следующим режимам: I = 150 А, U = 25 В, Q = 600 Дж/мм (режим 1) и I = 110 А, U = 17 В, Q = 300 Дж/мм (режим 2). В ходе изучения макроструктуры наплавленных стенок после фрезеровки установлено, что при наплавке по режиму 1 в металле образуются большие скопления технологических дефектов, таких, как поры и непровары. При наплавке металла по режиму 2 макродефекты практически не выявляются. Оптико-эмиссионный анализ показал, что в процессе наплавки происходит выгорание легирующих элементов, наиболее активно снижается содержание углерода. Следует отметить, что угар элементов происходит более активно при наплавке металла по режиму 1, что может быть связано с большей погонной энергией процесса. В металле, наплавленном по данному режиму, выявлена преимущественно ферритно-сорбитная структура, однако по высоте образцов выявляются локальные ферритные колонии. Микроструктура образцов, изготовленных по режиму 2, преимущественно представлена ферритом и перлитом. Феррит выделяется в виде замкнутых сеток по границам бывшего аустенитного зерна, также выявлена видманштеттова структура. В микроструктуре перлит представлен как в пластинчатой, так и в частично сфероидизированной форме. Структура образцов, наплавленных по режиму 1, считается более благоприятной. Однако усталостная прочность образцов, изготовленных по режиму 2, превышает соответствующие значения для режима 1 в среднем на 70 %. Это может быть обусловлено более сильным влиянием на сопротивление усталости металла технологических дефектов, чем микроструктурных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The desire of modern manufacturers to reduce the cost of producing goods leads to an increased search for ways to obtain the raw materials for future products more efficiently. One promising method for obtaining raw materials is electric arc surfacing (WAAM), which is discussed in this paper. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of electric arc surfacing on the structure and fatigue strength of 30CrMnSi steel. To obtain the samples, two walls were surfaced according to the specified modes: I = 150 A, U = 25 V, Q = 600 J/mm (mode 1) and I = 110 А, U = 17 V, Q = 300 J/mm (mode 2). During the study of the walls microstructure after milling, it was found that when the metal is surfaced according to the mode 1, large accumulations of technological defects such as pores and bad welding form in the material. When the metal is treated according to the mode 2, these macroscopic defects are practically not detected. During optical emission analysis, it was observed that during the surfacing process, alloying elements are consumed and the carbon content decreases most actively. It should be noted that the burnout of elements occurs more actively when the metal is surfaced using the mode 1. This may be due to the higher energy input in this process. A predominant ferrite-sorbite structure was found in the metal surfaced using the mode 1. However, local ferritic colonies were revealed on the surface of the samples due to their height. The microstructure of the samples produced using the mode 2 is mainly composed of ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is isolated as closed grids along the boun­daries of the austenitic grains, and traces of a Widmanstetten structure can also be seen. Perlite is present both as highly dispersed plates and partially spheroidized colonies. Despite the fact that the structure of the samples produced using the mode 1 is generally considered to be more favo­rable in terms of material properties, the fatigue strength of the samples produced according to the mode 2 exceeds that of the mode 1 by an average of 70 %. This may be due to the stronger influence of technological defects on the metal fatigue resistance than microstructural ones.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сталь 30ХГСА</kwd><kwd>усталостная прочность</kwd><kwd>дефекты структуры</kwd><kwd>аддитивные технологии</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>30CrMnSi steel</kwd><kwd>fatigue strength</kwd><kwd>structural defects</kwd><kwd>additive technologies</kwd><kwd>WAAM</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (Государственное задание «Интеллектуальная диагностика деталей и конструкций, полученных методом аддитивного выращивания в процессе их получения и эксплуатации» № FSWE-2023-0008).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (state assignment “Intelligent diagnostics of parts and structures obtained by additive cultivation in the process of their production and operation” No. FSWE-2023-0008).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herzog D., Seyda V., Wycisk E., Emmelmann C. Additive ma­­nufacturing of metals. Acta Materialia. 2016;117:371–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herzog D., Seyda V., Wycisk E., Emmelmann C. Additive ma­­nufacturing of metals. Acta Materialia. 2016;117:371–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakay A., Aghion E. Effect of post-heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by additive manufacturing. JOM. 2019;71:1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3298-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakay A., Aghion E. Effect of post-heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by additive manufacturing. JOM. 2019;71:1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3298-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding D., Pan Z., Cuiuri D., Li H. Wire-feed additive manufacturing of metal components: Technologies, developments and future interests. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2015;81:465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7077-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding D., Pan Z., Cuiuri D., Li H. Wire-feed additive manufacturing of metal components: Technologies, developments and future interests. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2015;81:465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7077-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kathiresan M., Karthikeyan M., Immanuel R.J. A short review on SLM-processed Ti6Al4V composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 2023;0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089231169380</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kathiresan M., Karthikeyan M., Immanuel R.J. A short review on SLM-processed Ti6Al4V composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 2023;0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089231169380</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piekło J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Myszka D., Figurski K. Numerical and experimental analysis of strength loss of 1.2709 maraging steel produced by selective laser melting (SLM) under thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions. Mate­rials. 2023;16(24):7682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piekło J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Myszka D., Figurski K. Numerical and experimental analysis of strength loss of 1.2709 maraging steel produced by selective laser melting (SLM) under thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions. Mate­rials. 2023;16(24):7682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar S.P., Anand K., Chealvan S.H., Muthu S.K. Review on surface characteristics of components produced by direct metal deposition process. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2022;16(4):9197–9229. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.16.4.2022.05.0729</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar S.P., Anand K., Chealvan S.H., Muthu S.K. Review on surface characteristics of components produced by direct metal deposition process. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2022;16(4):9197–9229. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.16.4.2022.05.0729</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao P., Yi Z., Liu W., Kaiyuan Z., Luo Y. Influence mechanism of laser defocusing amount on surface texture in direct metal deposition. Journal of Materials Processing Tech­nology. 2022;312:117822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117822</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao P., Yi Z., Liu W., Kaiyuan Z., Luo Y. Influence mechanism of laser defocusing amount on surface texture in direct metal deposition. Journal of Materials Processing Tech­nology. 2022;312:117822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117822</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Alkahari M.R., Rosli N.A., Hasan R., Sudin M.N., Ramli F.R. Review of wire arc additive manufacturing for 3D metal printing. International Journal of Automation Techno­logy. 2019;13(3):346–353. https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0346</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Alkahari M.R., Rosli N.A., Hasan R., Sudin M.N., Ramli F.R. Review of wire arc additive manufacturing for 3D metal printing. International Journal of Automation Technology. 2019;13(3):346–353. https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0346</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pant H., Arora A., Gopakumar G.S., Chadha U., Saeidi A., Patterson A.E. Applications of wire arc additive manufactu­ring (WAAM) for aerospace component manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Tech­nology. 2023;127:4995–5011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11623-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pant H., Arora A., Gopakumar G.S., Chadha U., Saeidi A., Patterson A.E. Applications of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) for aerospace component manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Tech­nology. 2023;127:4995–5011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11623-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson M.A., Van Asten A., Morrow J.D., Min S., Pfefferkorn F.E. Energy consumption model for additive-subtractive manufacturing processes with case study. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2018;5(4):459–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0049-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson M.A., Van Asten A., Morrow J.D., etc. Energy consumption model for additive-subtractive manufacturing processes with case study. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2018;5(4):459–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0049-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinto-Lopera J.E., Motta J.M., Absi Alfaro S.C. Real-time measurement of width and height of weld beads in GMAW processes. Sensors. 2016;16(9):1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091500</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinto-Lopera J.E., Motta J.M., Absi Alfaro S.C. Real-time measurement of width and height of weld beads in GMAW processes. Sensors. 2016;16(9):1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091500</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah A., Aliyev R., Zeidler H., Krinke S. A review of the recent developments and challenges in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2023;7(3):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7030097</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abid S., Rezo A., Henning Z., Stefan K. A Review of the recent developments and challenges in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2023;7(3):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7030097</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lan B., Wang Y., Liu Y., Paul H., Hooper P., Hopper C., Zhang G., Zhang X., Jiang J. The influence of microstructural anisotropy on the hot deformation of wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) Inconel718. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021;823:141733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141733</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lan B., Wang Y., Liu Y., Paul H., Christopher H., Guo­dong Z., Xuejun Z., Jun J. The influence of microstructural anisotropy on the hot deformation of wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) Inconel718. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021;823:141733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141733</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svetlizky D., Das M., Zheng B., Vyatskikh A.L., Bose S., Bandyopadhyay A., Schoenung J.M., Lavernia E.J., Eliaz N. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications. Materials Today. 2021;49:271–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">David S., Mitun D., Baolong Z., Alexandra L.V., Susmi­­ta B., Amit B., Julie M.S., Enrique J.L., Noam E. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications. Materials Today. 2021;49:271–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy J., Davis A., Caballero A.E. Microstructure transition gradients in titanium dissimilar alloy (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr/Ti-6Al-4V) tailored wire-arc additively manufactured components. Materials Characterization. 2021;182:111577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111577</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy J., Davis A., Caballero A.E. Microstructure transition gradients in titanium dissimilar alloy (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr/Ti-6Al-4V) tailored wire-arc additively manufactured components. Materials Characterization. 2021;182:111577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111577</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomar B., Shiva S., Nath T. A review on wire arc additive manufacturing: Processing parameters, defects, quality improvement and recent advances. Materials Today Communications. 2022;31:103739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103739</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomar B., Shiva S., Nath T. A review on wire arc additive manufacturing: Processing parameters, defects, quality improvement and recent advances. Materials Today Communications. 2022;31:103739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103739</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beckert M., Klemm H. Handbuch der metallographischen Ätzverfahren. Leipzig: VEB, Deutscher Verlag für Grunds­toffindustrie; 1966:388. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beckert M., Klemm H. Handbuch der metallographischen Ätzverfahren. Leipzig: VEB, Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie; 1966:388. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васин О.Е. и др. Атлас дефектов. Научно-технический сборник. Екатеринбург: Издательские решения; 2008:56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasin O.E., etc. Atlas of Defects. Scientific and Technical Collection. Yekaterinburg: Izdatel’skie resheniya; 2008:56. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калиниченко Н.П., Васильева М.А., Радостев А.Ю. Атлас дефектов сварных соединений и основного металла: Учебное пособие. Томск: Издательство Томс­кого политехни­ческого университета; 2011:71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinichenko N.P., Vasilyeva M.A., Radostev A.Yu. Atlas of Defects in Welded Joints and Base Metal: Textbook. Tomsk: Tomsk Polytechnic University; 2011:71. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нгуен Н., Рубан А.Р. Влияние дефектов сварных швов на механические свойства корпусной стали, определяемые при статическом нагружении. Вестник АГТУ. Серия: Морская техника и технология. 2015;(2):14–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen N., Ruban A.R. Influence of defects in welds on mechanical properties of steel frame specified under static loading. Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and Technology. 2015;(2): 14–22. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркеева А.А., Круглов А.А., Мухаметрахимов М.Х. Влияние пор на механические свойства слоистого материала из титанового сплава ВТ6. Письма о материалах. 2013;3(1):12–15. https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2013-1-12-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkeeva A.A., Kruglov A.A., Muxametraximov M.X., Pore effect on mechanical properties of layered material from titanium alloy. Letters on Materials. 2013;3(1):12–15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2013-1-12-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
