blackmetИзвестия высших учебных заведений. Черная МеталлургияIzvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy0368-07972410-2091National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"10.17073/0368-0797-2024-5-509-519blackmet-2784Research ArticleМЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИMETALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGIESНовые достижения в области порошковой металлургии высокоэнтропийных сплавов для высокотемпературных приложений. Краткий обзорRecent development in powder metallurgy of high-entropy alloys for high-temperature applications: Brief reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1113-391XИванниковА. Ю.IvannikovA. Yu.

Александр Юрьевич Иванников, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории пластической деформации металлов

Россия, 119991, Москва, Ленинский пр., 49

Aleksandr Yu. Ivannikov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Plastic Deformation of Metals

49 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119334, Russian Federation

aivannikov@imet.ac.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-2217ЮсуповВ. С.YusupovV. S.

Владимир Сабитович Юсупов, д.т.н., главный научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией пластической деформации металлов

Россия, 119991, Москва, Ленинский пр., 49

Vladimir S. Yusupov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Plastic Deformation of Metals

49 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119334, Russian Federation

vsyusupov@mail.ruИнститут металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова РАНРоссияBaikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202408102024675509519Copyright © Иванников А.Ю., Юсупов В.С., 20242024Иванников А.Ю., Юсупов В.С.Ivannikov A.Y., Yusupov V.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2784

Порошковая металлургия высокоэнтропийных сплавов привлекает значительное внимание благодаря своей высокой технологичности и низкой стоимости. В этом обзоре представлены новейшие исследования в области порошковой металлургии высокоэнтропийных сплавов, разработанных для применения при высоких температурах. Рассматриваются основные процессы получения порошков и компактов из них, химический и фазовый состав, плотность, механические свойства при повышенной температуре, термостабильность. Проведённый анализ показал, что для получения порошковых смесей применяются различные методы произ­водства и смешения порошковых компонентов, включая самораспространяющийся высокотемпературный синтез, магниотермию, гидрирование, механическое легирование, плазменную сфероидизацию, центробежное распыление прутка плазмой и традиционное смешение элементных порошков в высокоэнергетических смесителях. Наиболее распространенным способом консолидации является искровое плазменное спекание, позволяющее получать компакты с высокой скоростью и сохранением тонкой структуры. Также для производства длинномерных прутков и заготовок применяется экструзия порошковых смесей в оболочках. Ключевой особенностью химических составов заготовок, производимых методами порошковой металлургии, является возможность получения дисперсно-упрочненных оксидами порошковых компактов, что обеспечивает дополнительное упрочнение при повышенных температурах. Основными элементами, используемыми при создании высокоэнтропийных сплавов для применения в условиях повышенных температур, являются тугоплавкие металлы. Поэтому для снижения их плотности разрабатываются составы с алюминием, титаном, а также тугоплавкими оксидами. Кроме того, в этом обзоре обозначены нерешенные и критические вопросы разработки подходов к получению высокоэнтропийных сплавов методами порошковой металлургии для практического внедрения их в современную индустрию.

Powder metallurgy of high-entropy alloys has gained significant attention in modern applications due to its low cost and near-net-shape forma­bility. This overview presents the state-of-the-art research on powder metallurgy of high-entropy alloys for high-temperature applications, covering basic solid state fabricating processes, phase composition, and advanced mechanical properties recently attained. The analysis showed that various methods of production and mixing of powder components, including self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, magnesium reduction, hydrogenation, mechanical alloying, plasma spheroidization, centrifugal plasma sputtering of the bar, and conventional mixing of elemental powders in high-energy mixers are used to produce powder mixtures. The most common consolidation method is spark plasma sintering, which allows obtaining compacts with high speed and preservation of fine structure. Also, for the production of long bars and billets, the extrusion of powder mixtures in shells is used. A key feature of the chemical compositions of billets produced by methods of powder metallurgy are the possibility of obtaining oxide-disperse-strengthened powder compacts, which provides additional hardening at elevated temperatures. The main elements used in the creation of high-entropy alloys for application at elevated temperatures are the refractory metals. Therefore, in order to reduce the density of new alloys, compositions with aluminum, titanium, and refractory oxides are being developed. Finally, this review identifies unresolved and critical issues in the development of approaches to obtaining high-entropy alloys using powder metallurgy methods for their practical implementation in modern industry.

порошковая металлургиявысокоэнтропийные сплавытугоплавкие металлымеханическое легированиеплазменная сфероидизациягидрированиеэкструдированиевысокотемпературное применениеpowder metallurgyhigh-entropy alloysrefractory metalsmechanical alloyingplasma spheroidizationhydrogenationextrusionhigh-temperature applicationИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-29-00183, https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00183/.The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 24-29-00183, https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00183/.ReferencesYeh J.W., Chen S.K., Lin S.J., Gan J.Y., Chin T.S., Shun T.T., Tsau C.H., Chang S.Y. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2004;6(5):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200300567Yeh J.W., Chen S.K., Lin S.J., Gan J.Y., Chin T.S., Shun T.T., Tsau C.H., Chang S.Y. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2004;6(5):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200300567Cantor B., Chang I.T.H., Knight P., Vincent A.J.B. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004;375–377: 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257Cantor B., Chang I.T.H., Knight P., Vincent A.J.B. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004;375–377: 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257Murty B.S., Yeh J.W., Ranganathan S., Bhattacharjee P.P. High-Entropy Alloys. London: Elsevier; 2019:388. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-03317-7Murty B.S., Yeh J.W., Ranganathan S., Bhattacharjee P.P. High-Entropy Alloys. London: Elsevier; 2019:388. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-03317-7Jamieson B., Peter K. High-Entropy Materials: Theory, Experiments, and Applications. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2021:774. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77641-1Jamieson B., Peter K. High-Entropy Materials: Theory, Experiments, and Applications. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2021:774. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77641-1Behera A. Advanced Materials. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2022:748. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80359-9Behera A. Advanced Materials. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2022:748. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80359-9Liu F., Liaw P.K., Zhang Y. Recent progress with BCC-structured high-entropy alloys. Metals. 2022;12(3):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030501Liu F., Liaw P.K., Zhang Y. Recent progress with BCC-structured high-entropy alloys. Metals. 2022;12(3):501. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030501Patel P., Roy A., Sharifi N., Stoyanov P., Chromik R.R., Moreau C. Tribological performance of high-entropy coatings (HECs): A review. Materials. 2022;15(10):3699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103699Patel P., Roy A., Sharifi N., Stoyanov P., Chromik R.R., Moreau C. Tribological performance of high-entropy coatings (HECs): A review. Materials. 2022;15(10):3699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103699Sonar T., Ivanov M., Trofimov E., Tingaev A., Suleymanova I. An overview of microstructure, mechanical properties and processing of high entropy alloys and its future perspectives in aeroengine applications. Materials Science for Energy Technologies. 2024;7:35–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2023.07.004Sonar T., Ivanov M., Trofimov E., Tingaev A., Suleymanova I. An overview of microstructure, mechanical properties and processing of high entropy alloys and its future perspectives in aeroengine applications. Materials Science for Energy Technologies. 2024;7:35–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2023.07.004Senkov O.N., Miracle D.B., Chaput K.J., Couzinie J.-P. Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys – A review. Journal of Materials Research. 2018;33: 3092–3128. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.153Senkov O.N., Miracle D.B., Chaput K.J., Couzinie J.-P. Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys – A review. Journal of Materials Research. 2018;33: 3092–3128. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.153Senkov O.N., Wilks G.B., Miracle D.B., Chuang C.P., Liaw P.K. Refractory high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics. 2010;18(9):1758–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.014Senkov O.N., Wilks G.B., Miracle D.B., Chuang C.P., Liaw P.K. Refractory high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics. 2010;18(9):1758–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.014Xiong W, Guo A., Zhan S., Liu C., Cao S. Refractory high-entropy alloys: A focused review of preparation methods and properties. Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 2023;142:196–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.08.046Xiong W, Guo A., Zhan S., Liu C., Cao S. Refractory high-entropy alloys: A focused review of preparation methods and properties. Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 2023;142:196–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.08.046Wang X., Huang H., Shi J., Xu H., Meng D. Recent progress of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys in nuclear fusion. Tungsten. 2021;3:143–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42864-021-00092-8Wang X., Huang H., Shi J., Xu H., Meng D. Recent progress of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys in nuclear fusion. Tungsten. 2021;3:143–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42864-021-00092-8Shi T., Lei P., Yan X., Li J., Zhou Y., Wang Y., Su Z., Dou Y., He X., Yun D., Yang W., Lu C. Current development of bodycen­tered cubic high-entropy alloys for nuclear applications. Tungsten. 2021;3:197–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42864-021-00086-6Shi T., Lei P., Yan X., Li J., Zhou Y., Wang Y., Su Z., Dou Y., He X., Yun D., Yang W., Lu C. Current development of bodycen­tered cubic high-entropy alloys for nuclear applications. Tungsten. 2021;3:197–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42864-021-00086-6Karan, Pachauri P., Kumar A., Maury M. Effect of powder metallurgy on high entropy alloy materials: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;47(13):4026–4033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.529Karan, Pachauri P., Kumar A., Maury M. Effect of powder metallurgy on high entropy alloy materials: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;47(13):4026–4033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.529Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., Chou R., etc. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., Chou R., etc. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71Xiang L., Guo W., Liu B., Fu A., Li J., Fang Q., Liu Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TaNbVTiAlx refractory high-entropy alloys. Entropy. 2020;22(3):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22030282Xiang L., Guo W., Liu B., Fu A., Li J., Fang Q., Liu Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TaNbVTiAlx refractory high-entropy alloys. Entropy. 2020;22(3):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22030282Li H., Lin H., Liang X., He W., Liu B., Liu Y., Wang L. In situ development and high temperature features of CoCrFeNi-M6Cp high entropy-alloy based hardmetal. Me­tals. 2020;10(3):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030408Li H., Lin H., Liang X., He W., Liu B., Liu Y., Wang L. In situ development and high temperature features of CoCrFeNi-M6Cp high entropy-alloy based hardmetal. Me­tals. 2020;10(3):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030408Alvaredo-Olmos P., Molina-Aldareguía J., Vaz-Romero A., Prieto E., González-Julián J., Monclús M.A. Understanding the links between the composition-processing-properties in new formulations of HEAs sintered by SPS. Metals. 2021;11(6):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060888Alvaredo-Olmos P., Molina-Aldareguía J., Vaz-Romero A., Prieto E., González-Julián J., Monclús M.A. Understanding the links between the composition-processing-properties in new formulations of HEAs sintered by SPS. Metals. 2021;11(6):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060888Yang T., Cai B., Shi Y., Wang M., Zhang G. Preparation of nanostructured CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy by hot pressing sintering gas atomized powders. Micron. 2021;147:103082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103082Yang T., Cai B., Shi Y., Wang M., Zhang G. Preparation of nanostructured CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy by hot pressing sintering gas atomized powders. Micron. 2021;147:103082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103082Zhang R., Meng J., Han J., etc. Oxidation resistance properties of refractory high-entropy alloys with varied AlxCrTiMo content. Journal of Materials Science. 2021;56:3551–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05480-yZhang R., Meng J., Han J., etc. Oxidation resistance properties of refractory high-entropy alloys with varied AlxCrTiMo content. Journal of Materials Science. 2021;56:3551–3561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05480-yLiu Q., Wang G., Liu Y., Sui X., Chen Y., Luo S. Hot deformation behaviors of an ultrafine-grained MoNbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021;809:140922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.140922Liu Q., Wang G., Liu Y., Sui X., Chen Y., Luo S. Hot deformation behaviors of an ultrafine-grained MoNbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021;809:140922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.140922Peng H., Kang Z., Long Y., Zhou L. A two-phase ultrafine-grained NbMoTaWV refractory high entropy alloy with prominent compressive properties. Vacuum. 2022;199:110930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.110930Peng H., Kang Z., Long Y., Zhou L. A two-phase ultrafine-grained NbMoTaWV refractory high entropy alloy with prominent compressive properties. Vacuum. 2022;199:110930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.110930Gao F., Sun Y., Hu L., Shen J., Liu W., Ba M., Deng C. Microstructural evolution and thermal stability in a nanocrystalline lightweight TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory high-entropy alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. Materials Characte­rization. 2022;329:133179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133179Gao F., Sun Y., Hu L., Shen J., Liu W., Ba M., Deng C. Microstructural evolution and thermal stability in a nanocrystalline lightweight TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory high-entropy alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. Materials Characte­rization. 2022;329:133179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133179Ujah C., Popoola A., Popoola O., Afolab A., Uyor U. Mecha­nical and oxidation characteristics of Ti20-Al16-V16-Fe16-Ni16-Cr16 high-entropy alloy developed via spark plasma sintering for high-temperature/strength applications. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2023;32:18–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07066-yUjah C., Popoola A., Popoola O., Afolab A., Uyor U. Mecha­nical and oxidation characteristics of Ti20-Al16-V16-Fe16-Ni16-Cr16 high-entropy alloy developed via spark plasma sintering for high-temperature/strength applications. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2023;32:18–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07066-yZhang X., Li T., Cao Y., Liao T., Xie Z., Fu A., Li J., Fang Q., He Z., Liu B. Oxide dispersion strengthening mediated ultra-high strength at wide temperature range in NbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;116:106352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106352Zhang X., Li T., Cao Y., Liao T., Xie Z., Fu A., Li J., Fang Q., He Z., Liu B. Oxide dispersion strengthening mediated ultra-high strength at wide temperature range in NbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;116:106352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106352Kuskov K.V., Nepapushev A.A., Aydinyan S., Shaysultanov D.G., Stepanov N.D., Nazaretyan K., Kharatyan S., Zakharova E.V., Belov D.S., Moskovskikh D.O. Combustion synthesis and reactive spark plasma sintering of non-equiatomic CoAl-based high entropy intermetallics. Mate­rials. 2023;16(4):1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041490Kuskov K.V., Nepapushev A.A., Aydinyan S., Shaysultanov D.G., Stepanov N.D., Nazaretyan K., Kharatyan S., Zakharova E.V., Belov D.S., Moskovskikh D.O. Combustion synthesis and reactive spark plasma sintering of non-equiatomic CoAl-based high entropy intermetallics. Mate­rials. 2023;16(4):1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041490Boztemur B., Bayrak K., Gökçe H., Ayas E., Balcı-Ça­ğıran Ö., Derin B., Ağaoğulları D. Mechanically alloyed and spark plasma sintered WNbMoVTa refractory high entropy alloys: Effects of Cr and Al on the microstructural and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;965:171415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171415Boztemur B., Bayrak K., Gökçe H., Ayas E., Balcı-Ça­ğıran Ö., Derin B., Ağaoğulları D. Mechanically alloyed and spark plasma sintered WNbMoVTa refractory high entropy alloys: Effects of Cr and Al on the microstructural and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;965:171415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171415Das S., Robi P. Processing and characterizations of powder of the AlCoCuFeNi high entropy alloy. Emergent Materials. 2023;6:987–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00466-3Das S., Robi P. Processing and characterizations of powder of the AlCoCuFeNi high entropy alloy. Emergent Materials. 2023;6:987–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00466-3Qin M., Shivakumar S., Luo J. Refractory high-entropy nanoalloys with exceptional high-temperature stability and enhanced sinterability. Journal of Materials Science. 2023;58:8548–8562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08535-yQin M., Shivakumar S., Luo J. Refractory high-entropy nanoalloys with exceptional high-temperature stability and enhanced sinterability. Journal of Materials Science. 2023;58:8548–8562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08535-yGao F., Sun Y., Hu L., Shen J., Liu W., Ba M., Deng C. Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms of novel lightweight TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory high-entropy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;932:167659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167659Gao F., Sun Y., Hu L., Shen J., Liu W., Ba M., Deng C. Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms of novel lightweight TiAlV0.5CrMo refractory high-entropy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;932:167659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167659Fu A., Cao Y., Xie Z., Wang J., Liu B. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Fe-Co-Cr-Ni high entropy alloy fabricated via powder extrusion. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;943:169052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169052Fu A., Cao Y., Xie Z., Wang J., Liu B. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Fe-Co-Cr-Ni high entropy alloy fabricated via powder extrusion. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;943:169052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169052Fu A., Cao Y., Liu Y., Xu S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of novel lightweight TaNbVTi-based refractory high entropy alloys. Materials. 2022;15(1):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010355Fu A., Cao Y., Liu Y., Xu S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of novel lightweight TaNbVTi-based refractory high entropy alloys. Materials. 2022;15(1):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010355Zong L., Xu L., Luo C., Jiao Z., Li X., Sun W., Wei S. Mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of the nano-sized m-ZrO2 ceramic particle reinforced NbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloy. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;113:106201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106201Zong L., Xu L., Luo C., Jiao Z., Li X., Sun W., Wei S. Mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of the nano-sized m-ZrO2 ceramic particle reinforced NbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloy. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;113:106201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106201Zong L., Xu L., Luo C., Li Z., Zhao Y., Xu Z., Zhu C., Wei S. Fabrication of nano-ZrO2 strengthened WMoNbTaV refractory high-entropy alloy by spark plasma sintering. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022;843:143113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143113Zong L., Xu L., Luo C., Li Z., Zhao Y., Xu Z., Zhu C., Wei S. Fabrication of nano-ZrO2 strengthened WMoNbTaV refractory high-entropy alloy by spark plasma sintering. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022;843:143113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143113Liao T., Cao Y., Guo W., Fang Q., Li J., Liu B. Microstructure and mechanical property of NbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloy with different Y2O3 contents. Rare Metals. 2022;41:3504–3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02038-6Liao T., Cao Y., Guo W., Fang Q., Li J., Liu B. Microstructure and mechanical property of NbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloy with different Y2O3 contents. Rare Metals. 2022;41:3504–3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02038-6Moravcikova-Gouvea L., Moravcik I., Pouchly V., Kovacova Z., Kitzmantel M., Neubauer E., Dlouhy I. Tailoring a refractory high entropy alloy by powder metallurgy process optimization. Materials. 2021;14(19):5796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195796Moravcikova-Gouvea L., Moravcik I., Pouchly V., Kovacova Z., Kitzmantel M., Neubauer E., Dlouhy I. Tailoring a refractory high entropy alloy by powder metallurgy process optimization. Materials. 2021;14(19):5796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195796Liu Q., Wang G., Sui X., Xu Y., Liu Y., Yang J. Ultra-fine grain TixVNbMoTa refractory high-entropy alloys with superior mechanical properties fabricated by powder metallurgy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021;865:158592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158592Liu Q., Wang G., Sui X., Xu Y., Liu Y., Yang J. Ultra-fine grain TixVNbMoTa refractory high-entropy alloys with superior mechanical properties fabricated by powder metallurgy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021;865:158592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158592Salemi F., Karimzadeh F., Abbasi M. Evaluation of thermal and mechanical behavior of CuNiCoZnAl high-entropy alloy fabricated using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021;52:1947–1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06205-9Salemi F., Karimzadeh F., Abbasi M. Evaluation of thermal and mechanical behavior of CuNiCoZnAl high-entropy alloy fabricated using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021;52:1947–1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06205-9Li Y., Du Z., Fu Y., Sun H., Fan J., Han Y. Microstructures and mechanical properties of novel MoTaVW refractory high-entropy alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;968:172165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172165Li Y., Du Z., Fu Y., Sun H., Fan J., Han Y. Microstructures and mechanical properties of novel MoTaVW refractory high-entropy alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023;968:172165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172165Wu Y., Liaw P.K., Zhang Y. Preparation of bulk TiZrNbMoV and NbTiAlTaV high-entropy alloys by powder sintering. Metals. 2021;11(11):1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111748Wu Y., Liaw P.K., Zhang Y. Preparation of bulk TiZrNbMoV and NbTiAlTaV high-entropy alloys by powder sintering. Metals. 2021;11(11):1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111748Shkodich N., Sedegov A., Kuskov K., Busurin S., Scheck Y., Vadchenko S., Moskovskikh D. Refractory high-entropy HfTaTiNbZr-based alloys by combined use of ball milling and spark plasma sintering: effect of milling intensity. Me­tals. 2020;10(9):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091268Shkodich N., Sedegov A., Kuskov K., Busurin S., Scheck Y., Vadchenko S., Moskovskikh D. Refractory high-entropy HfTaTiNbZr-based alloys by combined use of ball milling and spark plasma sintering: effect of milling intensity. Me­tals. 2020;10(9):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091268Ivannikov A.Y., Grebennikov I.K., Klychevskikh Y.A., Mikhailova A.V., Sergienko K.V., Kaplan M.A., Lysenkov A.S., Sevostyanov M.A. Fabrication, microstructure, and physico-mechanical properties of Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo–W high-entropy alloys from elemental powders. Metals. 2022; 12(10):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101764Ivannikov A.Y., Grebennikov I.K., Klychevskikh Y.A., Mikhailova A.V., Sergienko K.V., Kaplan M.A., Lysenkov A.S., Sevostyanov M.A. Fabrication, microstructure, and physico-mechanical properties of Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo–W high-entropy alloys from elemental powders. Metals. 2022; 12(10):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101764Sharma B., Nagano K., Saxena K.K., Fujiwara H., Ameya­­ma K. Application of hydride process in achieving equimolar TiNbZrHfTa BCC refractory high entropy alloy. Crystals. 2020;10(11):1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111020Sharma B., Nagano K., Saxena K.K., Fujiwara H., Ameya­­ma K. Application of hydride process in achieving equimolar TiNbZrHfTa BCC refractory high entropy alloy. Crystals. 2020;10(11):1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111020Liu B., Duan H., Li L., Zhou C., He J., Wu H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-hard spherical refractory high-entropy alloy powders fabricated by plasma spheroidization. Powder Technology. 2021;382:550–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.021Liu B., Duan H., Li L., Zhou C., He J., Wu H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-hard spherical refractory high-entropy alloy powders fabricated by plasma spheroidization. Powder Technology. 2021;382:550–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.021Xia M., Chen Y., Chen K., Tong Y., Liang X., Shen B. Synthesis of WTaMoNbZr refractory high-entropy alloy powder by plasma spheroidization process for additive manufacturing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022;917:165501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165501Xia M., Chen Y., Chen K., Tong Y., Liang X., Shen B. Synthesis of WTaMoNbZr refractory high-entropy alloy powder by plasma spheroidization process for additive manufacturing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022;917:165501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165501Wang H., Niu Z., Chen C., Chen H., Zhu X., Zhou F., Zhang X., Liu X., Wu Y., Jiang S. Powder production of an equimolar NbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy via hydrogen embrittlement. Materials Characterization. 2022;193:112265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112265Wang H., Niu Z., Chen C., Chen H., Zhu X., Zhou F., Zhang X., Liu X., Wu Y., Jiang S. Powder production of an equimolar NbTaTiZr high-entropy alloy via hydrogen embrittlement. Materials Characterization. 2022;193:112265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112265Колмаков А.Г., Иванников А.Ю., Каплан М.А., Кирсанкин А.А., Севостьянов М.А. Коррозионностойкие стали в аддитивном производстве. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2021;64(9):619–650. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-9-619-650Kolmakov А.G., Ivannikov А.Yu., Kaplan М.А., Kirsankin А.А., Sevost’yanov М.A. Corrosion-resistant steels in additive manufacturing. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2021;64(9):619–650. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-9-619-650Gao S., Fu A., Xie Z., Liao T., Cao Y., Liu B. Preparation and microstructure of high-activity spherical TaNbTiZr refractory high-entropy alloy powders. Materials. 2023;16(2):791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020791Gao S., Fu A., Xie Z., Liao T., Cao Y., Liu B. Preparation and microstructure of high-activity spherical TaNbTiZr refractory high-entropy alloy powders. Materials. 2023;16(2):791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020791Moser M., Dine S., Vrel D., Perrière L., Pirès-Brazuna R., Couque H., Bernard F. Elaboration and characterization of WMoTaNb high entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy processes. Materials. 2022;15(15):5416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155416Moser M., Dine S., Vrel D., Perrière L., Pirès-Brazuna R., Couque H., Bernard F. Elaboration and characterization of WMoTaNb high entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy processes. Materials. 2022;15(15):5416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155416Gu T., Wang LM., Hu Q., Liang X., Fu D., Chen Y., Zhao X., Sheng Y. Effect of mechanical alloying and sintering behavior on the microstructure and properties of NbMoTaWRe refractory high entropy alloy. Metals and Materials International. 2022;28:2571–2582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01165-6Gu T., Wang LM., Hu Q., Liang X., Fu D., Chen Y., Zhao X., Sheng Y. Effect of mechanical alloying and sintering behavior on the microstructure and properties of NbMoTaWRe refractory high entropy alloy. Metals and Materials International. 2022;28:2571–2582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01165-6Liu J., Zhao X., Zhang S., Sheng Y., Hu Q. Microstructure and mechanical properties of MoNbTaW refractory high-entropy alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering. Journal of Materials Research. 2023;38:484–496. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00833-6Liu J., Zhao X., Zhang S., Sheng Y., Hu Q. Microstructure and mechanical properties of MoNbTaW refractory high-entropy alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering. Journal of Materials Research. 2023;38:484–496. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00833-6Maharana S., Prasad D., Seetharaman S., Sabat M. Effect of sintering parameters on phase evolution, microstructural development and mechanical behavior of Ni46Al12Co18Cr8Fe12Mo4 high entropy alloy synthesized via mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023;886:145695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145695Maharana S., Prasad D., Seetharaman S., Sabat M. Effect of sintering parameters on phase evolution, microstructural development and mechanical behavior of Ni46Al12Co18Cr8Fe12Mo4 high entropy alloy synthesized via mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023;886:145695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.145695Chen Y., Liu P., Dong Z., Liu H., Wang J., Guo X., Xia Y., Wang Q. Sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of TiTaNbZrHf high-entropy alloys prepared by cold isostatic pressing and pressure-less sintering of hydrides. Materials. 2023;16:1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051759Chen Y., Liu P., Dong Z., Liu H., Wang J., Guo X., Xia Y., Wang Q. Sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of TiTaNbZrHf high-entropy alloys prepared by cold isostatic pressing and pressure-less sintering of hydrides. Materials. 2023;16:1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051759Chen C., Chang C., Chen H. Investigation of Cr content, second phase, and sintering temperature on characteristics of WMoVTiCr refractory high entropy alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;110:106034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106034Chen C., Chang C., Chen H. Investigation of Cr content, second phase, and sintering temperature on characteristics of WMoVTiCr refractory high entropy alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023;110:106034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106034Zhang Y., Bian T., Shen X., Wang Z., Ye S., Feng S., Yu K., Ding C., Yu P. Sintering mechanism and microstructure evolution of a CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy fabricated by metal injection molding. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021;868:158711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158711Zhang Y., Bian T., Shen X., Wang Z., Ye S., Feng S., Yu K., Ding C., Yu P. Sintering mechanism and microstructure evolution of a CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy fabricated by metal injection molding. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021;868:158711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158711Anwer Z., Umer M., Adeel F., Hafeez M., Yaqoob K., Luo X., Ahmad I. Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatic pressed tungsten heavy alloy with FeNiCoCrMn high entropy alloy binder. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2023;22:2897–2909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.078Anwer Z., Umer M., Adeel F., Hafeez M., Yaqoob K., Luo X., Ahmad I. Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatic pressed tungsten heavy alloy with FeNiCoCrMn high entropy alloy binder. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2023;22:2897–2909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.12.078Tang Z., Senkov O., Parish C., Zhang C., Zhang F., Santodonato L., Wang G., Zhao G., Yang F., Liaw P. Tensile ductility of an AlCoCrFeNi multi-phase high-entropy alloy through hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and homogenization. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2015;647:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.078Tang Z., Senkov O., Parish C., Zhang C., Zhang F., Santodonato L., Wang G., Zhao G., Yang F., Liaw P. Tensile ductility of an AlCoCrFeNi multi-phase high-entropy alloy through hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and homogenization. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2015;647:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.078Duan B., Yu Y., Liu X., Wang D., Wu Z. A novel non-equiatomic (W35Ta35Mo15Nb15)95Ni5 refractory high entropy alloy with high density fabricated by powder metallurgical process. Metals. 2020;10(11):1436. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111436Duan B., Yu Y., Liu X., Wang D., Wu Z. A novel non-equiatomic (W35Ta35Mo15Nb15)95Ni5 refractory high entropy alloy with high density fabricated by powder metallurgical process. Metals. 2020;10(11):1436. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111436

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.