<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2024-2-205-210</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2711</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние основности на физические свойства ковшевых шлаков системы  СаО ‒ SiO2 ‒ Ce2O3 ‒ Al2O3 ‒ MgO</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of basicity on physical properties of ladle slags of CaO ‒ SiO2 ‒ Ce2O3 ‒ Al2O3 ‒ MgO system</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-5565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уполовникова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Upolovnikova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алена Геннадьевна Уполовникова, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории стали и ферросплавов</p><p>Россия, 620016, Свердловская обл., Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena G. Upolovnikova, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Steel and Ferroalloys</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">upol.ru@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-1161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шартдинов</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shartdinov</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руслан Рафикович Шартдинов, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории стали и ферросплавов</p><p>Россия, 620016, Свердловская обл., Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan R. Shartdinov, Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Steel and Ferroalloys</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rr.shartdinov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-0905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сметанников</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smetannikov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артем Николаевич Сметанников, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории стали и ферросплавов</p><p>Россия, 620016, Свердловская обл., Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem N. Smetannikov, Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Steel and Ferroalloys</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">artem.smetannikov.89@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии Уральского отделения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Metallurgy, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>210</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Уполовникова А.Г., Шартдинов Р.Р., Сметанников А.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Уполовникова А.Г., Шартдинов Р.Р., Сметанников А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Upolovnikova A.G., Shartdinov R.R., Smetannikov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2711">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2711</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследованы физические свойства шлаков системы СаО ‒ SiO2 ‒ Ce2O3 ‒ Al2O3 ‒ MgO, содержащих оксид церия. В основе разработанных шлаков кальций-силикатная система, основность (CaO)/(SiO2) которой оказывает большое влияние на свойства шлака. Обобщение результатов выполненных исследований позволило получить новые данные о влиянии основности в церийсодержащих шлаках изучаемой оксидной системы на вязкость, температуру начала кристаллизации и структуру. Экспериментальные исследования физических свойств этих шлаков показали, что c ростом основности от 2,0 до 5,0 наблюдается рост температуры начала кристаллизации и вязкости, что связано со структурой формируемых шлаков. Повышение основности способствует повышению вязкости от 0,20 до 0,41 Па·с при температуре 1500 °С и повышению температуры кристаллизации от 1397 до 1497 °С. Полученные результаты показали, что на структуру церийсодержащего шлака влияют как ион Si4+, так и ион Al3+, которые являются сеткообразователями. Ионы кремния в рассматриваемой системе присутствуют в виде [SiO4 ]-тетраэдров, тогда как ионы алюминия присутствуют в виде [AlO4 ]-тетраэдров и [AlO6 ]-октаэдров. С повышением основности от 2,0 до 2,5 кремниевая структура усложняется, а затем при основности 3,5 ‒ 5,0 упрощается. Алюминатная структура усложняется за счет повышения содержания оксида СаО, который участвует в компенсации заряда полимеризованных структурных единиц [AlO4 ]-тетраэдров с образованием более стабильной тетраэдрической структуры, и, как следствие, повышенной вязкости шлака. Шлаки изучаемой оксидной системы, содержащие 15 % Ce2О3 , характеризуются в рассматриваемом диапазоне основности достаточно высокой жидкоподвижностью.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The authors studied the physical properties of the slags of CaO ‒ SiO2 ‒ Al2O3 ‒ MgO system containing cerium oxide. The developed slags are based on a calcium silicate system, the basicity (CaO)/(SiO2) of which has a great influence on the slag properties. Generalization of the performed studies results allowed obtaining new data on the effect of basicity in cerium-containing slags of the studied oxide system on viscosity, temperature of crystallization onset and structure. Experimental studies of the physical properties of cerium-containing slags showed that with an increase in basicity of 2.0 ‒ 5.0, an increase in temperature of crystallization onset and viscosity is observed associated with structure of the formed slags. An increase in basicity from 2.0 to 5.0 contributes to an increase in viscosity from 0.20 to 0.41 Pa·s at 1500 °C and an increase in the crystallization temperature from 1397 to 1497 °C. The structural analysis showed that the structure of the cerium-containing slag is influenced by both the Si4+ ion and the Al3+ ion, which are grid-forming agents. Silicon ions in this system are present in the form of [SiO4 ]-tetrahedra, whereas aluminum ions are present in form of [AlO4]-tetrahedra and [AlO6]-octahedra. With an increase in basicity 2.0 to 2.5, the silicon structure becomes more complicated, and then at a basicity of 3.5 ‒ 5.0 it becomes simpler, whereas the aluminate one becomes more complicated due to an increase in the content of CaO, which participates in charge compensation of polymerized structural units [AlO4 ]-tetrahedra with the formation of a more stable tetrahedral structure, and as a result of increased slag viscosity. Slags of the studied oxide system containing 15 % Ce2O3 are characterized by a sufficiently high liquid mobility in the considered basicity range.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вязкость</kwd><kwd>температура начала кристаллизации</kwd><kwd>рамановская спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>оксид церия</kwd><kwd>шлак</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>структура шлака</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viscosity</kwd><kwd>crystallization temperature</kwd><kwd>Raman spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>cerium oxide</kwd><kwd>slag</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>slag structure</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-29-00975, https://rscf.ru/project/22-29-00975/.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 22-29-00975, https://rscf.ru/project/22-29-00975/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попель С.И. Теория металлургических процессов. Москва: Металлургия; 1986:463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popel’ S.I. Theory of Metallurgical Processes. Moscow: Me­tallurgiya; 1986:463. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов Г.А. Внепечное рафинирование стали. Москва: Металлургия; 1977:208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov G.A. Extra-Furnace Refining of Steel. Moscow: Metallurgiya; 1977:208. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C., Cheng G., Long H. Effect of Ce2O3 and CaO/Al2O3 on the phase, melting temperature and viscosity of CaO ‒ Al2O3 ‒ 10 mass % SiO2 based slags. High Temperature Materials and Processes. 2014;33(1):77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C., Cheng G., Long H. Effect of Ce2O3 and CaO/Al2O3 on the phase, melting temperature and viscosity of CaO ‒ Al2O3 ‒ 10 mass % SiO2 based slags. High Temperature Materials and Processes. 2014;33(1):77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu C., Qi J., Sun J., Zhang X. Design and fluidity research of a new tundish flux for rare earth steel. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2022;8:1104–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00544-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu C., Qi J., Sun J., Zhang X. Design and fluidity research of a new tundish flux for rare earth steel. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2022;8:1104–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00544-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng X., Liu C. Effect of Ce2O3 on the melt structure and properties of CaO – Al2O3-based slag. ISIJ International. 2022;62(6):1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-545</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng X., Liu C. Effect of Ce2O3 on the melt structure and properties of CaO – Al2O3-based slag. ISIJ International. 2022;62(6):1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-545</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L.J., Wang Q., Li J.M., Chou K.C. Dissolution mechanism of Al2O3 in refining slags containing Ce2O3 . Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy. 2016;52(1): 35‒40. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB140706004W</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L.J., Wang Q., Li J.M., Chou K.C. Dissolution mechanism of Al2O3 in refining slags containing Ce2O3 . Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy. 2016;52(1): 35‒40. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB140706004W</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y.Q., Wang L.J., Chou K.C. Dissolution behavior of Al2O3 in refining slags containing Ce2O3. ISIJ International. 2014;54(4):728–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y.Q., Wang L.J., Chou K.C. Dissolution behavior of Al2O3 in refining slags containing Ce2O3. ISIJ International. 2014;54(4):728–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao J., Li Y., Lin W., Che J., Zhou F., Tan Y., Li D., Chen C., Dang J. Assessment of inclusion removal ability in refining slags containing Ce2O3. Crystals. 2023;13(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao J., Li Y., Lin W., Che J., Zhou F., Tan Y., Li D., Chen C., Dang J. Assessment of inclusion removal ability in refining slags containing Ce2O3. Crystals. 2023;13(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang X., Long H., Cheng G., Wu C., Wu B. Effect of refining slag containing Ce2O3 on steel cleanliness. Journal of Rare Earths. 2011;29(11):1079–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60602-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang X., Long H., Cheng G., Wu C., Wu B. Effect of refining slag containing Ce2O3 on steel cleanliness. Journal of Rare Earths. 2011;29(11):1079–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60602-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babenko A.A., Smirnov L.A., Upolovnikova A.G., Shartdinov R.R. Study of possibility of cerium reduction from slags of CaO–SiO2–Ce2O3–15%Al2O3–8%MgO system. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020;966:012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/966/1/012010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babenko A.A., Smirnov L.A., Upolovnikova A.G., Shartdinov R.R. Study of possibility of cerium reduction from slags of CaO–SiO2–Ce2O3–15%Al2O3–8%MgO system. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020;966:012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/966/1/012010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уполовникова А.Г., Бабенко А.А., Смирнов Л.А., Михайлова Л.Ю. Прямое микролегирование стали церием под шлаками системы СаО – SiO2 – Ce2O3 – 15 % Al2O3 – 8 % MgO дополнительными восстановителями. Известия вузов. Черная Металлургия. 2021;64(8):581–587. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-8-581-587</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Upolovnikova A.G., Babenko A.A., Smirnov L.A., Mikhai­lova L.Yu. Direct microalloying of steel with cerium under slags of СаО – SiO2 – Ce2O3 – 15 % Al2O3 – 8 % MgO system with additional reducing agents. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metal­lurgy. 2021;64(8):581–587. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-8-581-587</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрин В.А. Внепечная обработка чугуна и стали. Москва: Металлургия; 1992:336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrin V.A. Extra-Furnace Treatment of Cast Iron and Steel. Moscow: Metallurgiya;1992:336. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Штенгельмейер С.В., Прусов В.А., Богачев В.А. Усовершенствование методики измерения вязкости вибрационным вискозиметром. Заводская лаборатория. 1985;51(9):56–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtengel’meier S.V., Prusov V.A., Bogachev V.A. Improvement of the viscosity measurement technique with a vibrating viscometer. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. 1985;51(9):56–57. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскобойников В.Г., Дунаев Н.Е., Михалевич А.Г., Кухтин Т.И., Штенгельмейер С.В. Свойства жидких доменных шлаков. Москва: Металлургия; 1975:180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskoboinikov V.G., Dunaev N.E., Mikhalevich A.G., Kukhtin T.I., Shtengel’meier S.V. Properties of Liquid Blast Furnace Slags. Moscow: Metallurgiya;1975:180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бёккер Ю. Спектроскопия. Москва: РИЦ Техносфера; 2009:528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Böcker J. Spektroskopie. Instrumentelle Analytik mit Atom- und Molekülspektrometrie. Würzburg: Vogel Buchverlag; 1997:519. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang R., Wang Z., Meng Y., Jiao S., Jia J., Min Y., Liu C. Quantitative insight into aluminum structures in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system via Raman and 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopies. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2021;573:121116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang R., Wang Z., Meng Y., Jiao S., Jia J., Min Y., Liu C. Quantitative insight into aluminum structures in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 system via Raman and 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopies. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2021;573:121116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim T.S., Park J.H. Structure-viscosity relationship of low-silica calcium aluminsilicate melts. ISIJ International. 2014;54(9):2031–2038. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.2031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim T.S., Park J.H. Structure-viscosity relationship of low-silica calcium aluminsilicate melts. ISIJ International. 2014;54(9):2031–2038. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.2031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao J., Wen G., Huang T., Tang P., Liu Q. Effects of the composition on the structure and viscosity of the CaO–SiO2-based mold flux. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2016; 435:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.01.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao J., Wen G., Huang T., Tang P., Liu Q. Effects of the composition on the structure and viscosity of the CaO–SiO2-based mold flux. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2016; 435:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.01.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng D.-L., Ma G.-J., Zhang X., Liu M.-K., Xu J. Effect of CaO/Al2O3 on structure, viscosity, and surface tension of electroslag remelting-type CeO2-bearing slag. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2023;30:717–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00844-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng D.-L., Ma G.-J., Zhang X., Liu M.-K., Xu J. Effect of CaO/Al2O3 on structure, viscosity, and surface tension of electroslag remelting-type CeO2-bearing slag. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2023;30:717–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00844-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qi J., Liu C., Zhang C., Jiang M. Effect of Ce2O3 on structure, viscosity, and crystalline phase of CaO–Al2O3–Li2O–Ce2O3. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2017;48:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0850-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qi J., Liu C., Zhang C., Jiang M. Effect of Ce2O3 on structure, viscosity, and crystalline phase of CaO–Al2O3–Li2O–Ce2O3. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2017;48:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0850-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng X., Liu C. Investigation of CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio on the properties and structure of Ce2O3-containing CaO–Al2O3-based tundish flux. ISIJ International. 2022;62(3): 418–425. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng X., Liu C. Investigation of CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio on the properties and structure of Ce2O3-containing CaO–Al2O3-based tundish flux. ISIJ International. 2022;62(3):418–425. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2021-438</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin S.-L., Hwang C.-S. Structures of CeO2–A12O3–SiO2 glasses. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 1996;35(7R): 3975. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.35.3975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin S.-L., Hwang C.-S. Structures of CeO2–A12O3–SiO2 glasses. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 1996;35(7R): 3975. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.35.3975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
