<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2024-1-112-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2685</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ В ЧЕРНОЙ  МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL IN FERROUS METALLURGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Математическое моделирование газодинамики и дожигания горючих компонентов над расплавом в плавильной печи-газификаторе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mathematical modeling of gas dynamics and off-gas post-combustion above the melt in a melter-gasifier furnace</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-9049</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерохов</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Erokhov</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофей Витальевич Ерохов, ассистент кафедры энергоэффективных и ресурсосберегающих промышленных технологий</p><p>Россия, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erohov.tv@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-3628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левицкий</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levitskii</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Анисимович Левицкий, к.т.н., доцент кафедры энергоэффективных и ресурсосберегающих промышленных технологий</p><p>Россия, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lewwwis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подгородецкий</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podgorodetskii</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Геннадий Станиславович Подгородецкий, к.т.н.</p><p>Россия, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennadii S. Podgorodetskii, Cand. Sci. (Eng.)</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erohov.tv@misis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунов</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunov</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Борисович Горбунов, к.т.н., Заместитель директора НОЦ «Инновационные металлургические технологии»</p><p>Россия, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav B. Gorbunov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Deputy Director of the Research Center “Innovative Metallurgical Technologies”</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vbg1953@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ерохов Т.В., Левицкий И.А., Подгородецкий Г.С., Горбунов В.Б., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ерохов Т.В., Левицкий И.А., Подгородецкий Г.С., Горбунов В.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Erokhov T.V., Levitskii I.A., Podgorodetskii G.S., Gorbunov V.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2685">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2685</self-uri><abstract><p>Особенности организации технологического процесса и конструкции печи значительно влияют на параметры процессов дожигания, тем самым определяя необходимость построения математической модели зоны дожигания. В данном исследовании проведено моделирование газодинамики, химических реакций, конвективной диффузии и теплообмена в газовой среде над расплавом в экспериментальной плавильной печи-газификаторе при трех различных значениях расхода дутья и двух положениях фурм для дожигания. Получены распределения температур и концентраций продуктов дожигания. При нижнем расположении фурмы процесс дожигания осуществляется в области «отраженной» струи, образуются застойные зоны вокруг фурмы и между отраженной струей и поверхностью расплава, что ухудшает дожигание. При верхнем расположении фурмы дожигание происходит внутри первичной струи, осуществляется интенсивное перемешивание всех компонентов печной атмосферы и дожигание проходит более полно, что приводит к увеличению температуры отходящих газов при увеличении однородности полей температуры и концентраций по сравнению с нижним положением фурмы. Установлено, что при нижнем положении фурмы факел оказывается разомкнутым, его форма существенно зависит от расхода дутья, а объем с ростом расхода дутья увеличивается. При верхнем расположении фурмы факел является замкнутым, с увеличением расхода дутья его форма не изменяется, а объем уменьшается. Для процессов восстановления в шлаковом расплаве предпочтительно верхнее расположение фурмы, в то время как для получения генераторного газа с большим содержанием горючих компонентов на выходе из печи предпочтительно более близкое к поверхности расплава расположение фурмы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Organization of technological process and design of a furnace significantly affect the parameters of post-combustion, determining the need to develop a mathematical model of post-combustion zone. Modeling of gas dynamics, chemical reactions, convective diffusion and heat transfer in the gas phase above the melt was carried out in an experimental melter-gasifier furnace at three different values of mass flow rates and two positions of post-combustion tuyeres. Temperature distributions and off-gas components concentrations were obtained. It was found that at the lower position of the tuyere, post-combustion is carried out in the area of reflected jet, stagnant zones are formed around the tuyere and between the reflected jet and the melt surface, which decrease the post-combustion level. At the upper position of the tuyere, post-combustion occurs inside the primary jet, intensive mixing of all components of the furnace atmosphere occurs, post-combustion undergoes more completely, which leads to an increase in the off-gases temperature with an increase in uniformity of temperature fields and concentrations compared with the lower position of the tuyere. At the lower position of the tuyere, the flame zone turns out to be open, its shape significantly depends on the mass flow, and the flame zone volume increases with an increase in the mass flow. At the upper position of the tuyere, the flame zone is closed, with an increase in the mass flow, its shape does not change, but the flame zone volume decreases. For reduction processes in slag melt, the upper position of the tuyere is preferable, while for production of the producer gas at the furnace outlet, position of the tuyere closer to the melt surface is preferable.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вычислительная гидродинамика</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>численное моделирование</kwd><kwd>температурное поле</kwd><kwd>поле концентраций</kwd><kwd>расход дутья</kwd><kwd>факел</kwd><kwd>дожигание</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная плавильная печь-газификатор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>computational fluid dynamics</kwd><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>numerical modeling</kwd><kwd>temperature field</kwd><kwd>concentration field</kwd><kwd>flame zone</kwd><kwd>mass flow</kwd><kwd>post-combustion</kwd><kwd>experimental melter-gasifier furnace</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роменец В.А., Валавин В.С., Усачев А.Б., Карабасов Ю.С. и др. Процесс Ромелт. Москва: МИСиС, ИД «Руда и Металлы»; 2005:400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romenets V.A., Valavin V.S., Usachev A.B., Karabasov Yu.S., etc. Romelt Process. Moscow: MISIS; 2005:400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баласанов А.В., Лехерзак В.Е., Роменец В.А., Усачев А.Б. Газификация угля в шлаковом расплаве. Москва: «Институт Стальпроект»; 2008:288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balasanov A.V., Lekherzak V.E., Romenets V.A., Usachev A.B. Coal Gasification in Slag Melt. Moscow: Institut Stal’proekt; 2008:288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подгородецкий Г.С., Горбунов В.Б., Агапов Е.А., Ерохов Т.В., Козлова O.Н. Проблемы и перспективы утилизации золошлаковых отходов ТЭЦ. Часть 2. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2018;61(7):557–563. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-7-557-563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podgorodetskii G.S., Gorbunov V.B., Agapov E.А., Ero­khov T.V., Kozlova O.N. Challenges and opportunities of utilization of ash and slag waste of TPP (Thermal Power Plant). Part 2. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2018;61(7):557–563. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-7-557-563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Fruehan R.J. Computational fluid-dynamics simulation of postcombustion in the electric-arc furnace. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2003;34(3):333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0079-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Fruehan R.J. Computational fluid-dynamics simulation of postcombustion in the electric-arc furnace. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2003;34(3):333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0079-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arzpeyma N., Ersson M., Jönsson P.G. Mathematical mode­ling of postcombustion in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Me­tals. 2019;9(5):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050547</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arzpeyma N., Ersson M., Jönsson P.G. Mathematical mode­ling of postcombustion in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Me­tals. 2019;9(5):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050547</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gruber J.C., Echterhof T., Pfeifer H. Investigation on the influence of the arc region on heat and mass transport in an EAF freeboard using numerical modeling. Steel Research International. 2016;87(1):15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gruber J.C., Echterhof T., Pfeifer H. Investigation on the influence of the arc region on heat and mass transport in an EAF freeboard using numerical modeling. Steel Research International. 2016;87(1):15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang X., Kirschen M., Abel M., Pfeifer H. Modelling of EAF off-gas post combustion in dedusting systems using CFD methods. Steel Research International. 2003;74(4):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.200300182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang X., Kirschen M., Abel M., Pfeifer H. Modelling of EAF off-gas post combustion in dedusting systems using CFD methods. Steel Research International. 2003;74(4):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.200300182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doh Y., Chapelle P., Jardy A., etc. Toward a full simulation of the basic oxygen furnace: Deformation of the bath free surface and coupled transfer processes associated with the post-combustion in the gas region. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2013;44(3):653–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9817-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doh Y., Chapelle P., Jardy A., etc. Toward a full simulation of the basic oxygen furnace: Deformation of the bath free surface and coupled transfer processes associated with the post-combustion in the gas region. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2013;44(3):653–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9817-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang Y., Fabritius T., Härkki J. Mathematical modeling of the argon oxygen decarburization converter exhaust gas system at the reduction stage. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2005;29(5):497–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2004.09.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang Y., Fabritius T., Härkki J. Mathematical modeling of the argon oxygen decarburization converter exhaust gas system at the reduction stage. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2005;29(5):497–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2004.09.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song Z., Ersson M., Jönsson P. A study of post-combustion in an AOD flue. Steel Research International. 2014;85(7): 1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201300307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song Z., Ersson M., Jönsson P. A study of post-combustion in an AOD flue. Steel Research International. 2014;85(7): 1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201300307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gou H., Irons G.A., Lu W.K. Mathematical modeling of postcombustion in a KOBM converter. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 1993;24(1):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657884</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gou H., Irons G.A., Lu W.K. Mathematical modeling of postcombustion in a KOBM converter. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 1993;24(1):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657884</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panjkovic V., Truelove J., Ostrovski O. Analysis of performance of an iron-bath reactor using computational fluid dynamics. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2002;26(2): 203–221.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0307-904X(01)00056-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panjkovic V., Truelove J., Ostrovski O. Analysis of performance of an iron-bath reactor using computational fluid dynamics. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2002;26(2): 203–221.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0307-904X(01)00056-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin M.K., Lee S.D., Joo S.H., Yoon J.K. A numerical study on the combustion phenomena occurring at the post combustion stage in bath-type smelting reduction furnace. ISIJ International. 1993;33(3):369–375. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin M.K., Lee S.D., Joo S.H., Yoon J.K. A numerical study on the combustion phenomena occurring at the post combustion stage in bath-type smelting reduction furnace. ISIJ International. 1993;33(3):369–375. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker-Lemgau U., Tacke K.-H. Mathematical model for post combustion in smelting reduction. Steel Research. 1996;67(4):27–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.199605469</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker-Lemgau U., Tacke K.-H. Mathematical model for post combustion in smelting reduction. Steel Research. 1996;67(4):27–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.199605469</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinotake A., Takamoto Y. Combustion and heat transfer mechanism in iron bath smelting reduction furnace. Metallurgical Research &amp; Technology. 1993;90(7–8):965–974. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390070965</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinotake A., Takamoto Y. Combustion and heat transfer mechanism in iron bath smelting reduction furnace. Metallurgical Research &amp; Technology. 1993;90(7–8):965–974. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390070965</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левицкий И.А., Радюк А.Г., Титлянов А.Е., Сидорова Т.Ю. Влияние способа подачи природного газа на газодинамику и теплообмен в воздушной фурме доменной печи. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2018;61(5):357–363. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-5-357-363</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levitskii I.A., Radyuk A.G., Titlyanov A.E., Sidorova T.Yu. Influence of the method of natural gas supplying on gas dynamics and heat transfer in air tuyere of blast furnace. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2018;61(5):357–363. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-5-357-363</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбатюк С.М., Тарасов Ю.С., Левицкий И.А., Ра­­дюк А.Г., Титлянов А.Е. Влияние керамической вставки с завихрителем на газодинамику и теплообмен в воздушной фурме доменной печи. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2019;62(5):337–344. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-337-344</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbatyuk S.M., Tarasov Yu.S., Levitskii I.A., Radyuk A.G., Titlyanov A.E. Effect of a ceramic insert with swirler on gas dynamics and heat exchange in a blast furnace tuyere. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2019;62(5):337–344. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-337-344</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Албул С.В., Кобелев О.А., Радюк А.Г., Титлянов А.Е., Левицкий И.А. Влияние расхода и температуры природного газа на процессы, происходящие в воздушной фурме доменной печи с теплоизолирующей вставкой в дутьевом канале. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2022;65(11):778–785. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-11-778-785</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albul S.V., Kobelev O.A., Radyuk A.G., Titlyanov A.E., Levitskii I.A. Effect of natural gas flow rate and temperature on the processes occurring in a blast furnace tuyere with heat-insulating insert in blast channel. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2022;65(11):778–785. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-11-778-785</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radyuk A.G., Gorbatyuk S.M., Tarasov Yu.S., Titlya­nov A.E., Aleksakhin A.V. Improvements to mixing of natural gas and hot-air blast in the air tuyeres of blast furnaces with thermal insulation of the blast duct. Metallurgist. 2019;63(5–6):433–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-019-00843-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radyuk A.G., Gorbatyuk S.M., Tarasov Yu.S., Titlya­nov A.E., Aleksakhin A.V. Improvements to mixing of natural gas and hot-air blast in the air tuyeres of blast furnaces with thermal insulation of the blast duct. Metallurgist. 2019;63(5–6):433–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-019-00843-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milewski J., Swirski K., Santarelli M., Leone P. Advanced Methods of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modeling. London, UK: Springer; 2011:201. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-262-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milewski J., Swirski K., Santarelli M., Leone P. Advanced Methods of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modeling. London, UK: Springer; 2011:201. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-262-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
