<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-459-470</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2587</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термодинамическая оценка условий совместного восстановления цинка и железа углеродом из оксидов концентратов и отходов металлургических производств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermodynamic assessment of conditions  for co-reduction of zinc and iron by carbon from oxides of concentrates and waste from metallurgical enterprises</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якушевич</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakushevich</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Филиппович Якушевич, д.т.н., профессор-консультант кафедры металлургии цветных металлов и химической технологии</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai F. Yakushevich, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof.-Consultant of the Chair of Non-Ferrous Metals and Chemical Engineering</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Yakushevich@cmet.sibsiu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-2168</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Протопопов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Protopopov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Валентинович Протопопов, д.т.н., профессор кафедры металлургии черных металлов</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii V. Protopopov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof. of the Chair of Ferrous Me­tallurgy</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">protopopov@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7985-5666</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Темлянцев</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Temlyantsev</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Викторович Темлянцев, д.т.н., профессор, проректор по учебной и воспитательной работе</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Temlyantsev, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Vice-Rector for Educational and Tutorial Work</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">uchebn_otdel@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-8949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Строкина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strokina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Владимировна Строкина, к.т.н., старший преподаватель кафедры металлургии цветных металлов и химической технологии</p><p>Россия, 654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Strokina, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Lecturer of the Chair of Non-Ferrous Metals and Chemical Engineering</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chuzhinova.iv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>470</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Якушевич Н.Ф., Протопопов Е.В., Темлянцев М.В., Строкина И.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Якушевич Н.Ф., Протопопов Е.В., Темлянцев М.В., Строкина И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yakushevich N.F., Protopopov E.V., Temlyantsev M.V., Strokina I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2587">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2587</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматриваются теоретические вопросы восстановления цинка и железа углеродом из оксидов концентратов и цинксодержащих металлургических отходов (пыли и шламы металлургических печей). Показана возможность параллельного восстановления цинка и железа углеродом из оксидов с образованием твердых металлических растворов Fe – Zn, содержащих до 46 % цинка (по массе), расплавов и парогазовой фазы CO – CO2 – Zn, равновесный состав которой определяется температурой и содержанием цинка в твердых растворах и расплавах. Определены активности и упругости пара цинка в твердых растворах и расплавах системы Fe – Zn и активности компонентов в шлаковых расплавах системы ZnO – SiO2 . Термодинамическая оценка показывает, что при отсутствии твердого углерода восстановление цинка из оксида оксидом углерода CO возможно при температурах выше 1320 °С, а восстановление железом возможно в интервале температур 1320 – 1500 °С. При восстановлении из шлаковых расплавов при пониженных значениях активностей оксидов цинка и железа и повышенных температурах восстановление цинка осуществляется более эффективно, чем восстановление железа. В присутствии твердого углерода во всех диапазонах температур (выше 620 °С) и концентраций оксидов цинка ZnO и железа FeO при значениях aZnO &gt; 0, aFeO &gt; 0,4 восстановление железа проходит более эффективно ( \(\Delta G_{\rm{FeO}}^{\rm{o}} \) &lt;  \(\Delta G_{\rm{ZnO}}^{\rm{o}} \)). При совместном восстановлении железа и цинка первичным продуктом восстановления является твердое железо. Термодинамически возможное внедрение атомов цинка в твердый раствор α-железа практически не реализуется из-за высокой упругости пара цинка уже при небольших его концентрациях в наружных слоях на поверхностях кристаллических зародышей α-железа, что обуславливает возможность достаточно глубокой степени восстановления и возгонки цинка при углеродотермическом восстановлении его из концентратов и отходов металлургических производств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper considers theoretical issues of reduction of zinc and iron by carbon from oxides of concentrates and zinc-containing metallurgical waste (dust and sludge of metallurgical furnaces). The described parallel reduction of zinc and iron by carbon from oxides undergoes with the formation of solid metal solution of Fe – Zn containing up to 46 wt. %  of zinc, melts and the vapor–gas phase of CO – CO2 – Zn, the equilibrium composition of which is determined by the temperature and zinc content in solid solutions and melts. The authors determined the activity and elasticity of zinc vapor in solid solutions and melts of the Fe – Zn system and the activity of components in slag melts of the ZnO – SiO2 system. Thermodynamic assessment showed that in the absence of solid carbon, the reduction of zinc from oxide by carbon monoxide is possible at temperatures above 1320 °C, and reduction by iron is possible in the temperature range of 1320 – 1500 °C. During reduction from slag melts at reduced activity values of zinc and iron oxides and elevated temperatures, reduction of zinc is carried out more efficiently than reduction of iron. In the presence of solid carbon in all temperature ranges (above 620 °C) and concentrations of zinc and iron monoxides at values aZnO &gt; 0, aFeO &gt; 0.4, reduction of iron undergoes more efficiently (\(\Delta G_{\rm{FeO}}^{\rm{o}} \) &lt;  \(\Delta G_{\rm{ZnO}}^{\rm{o}} \)). In the case of co-reduction of iron and zinc, the primary reduction product is solid iron. Thermodynamically, the possible introduction of zinc atoms into a solid solution of α-Fe is practically not realized due to the high elasticity of zinc vapor even at low concentrations in the outer layers on the surfaces of crystalline nuclei of α-Fe, which causes the possibility of a sufficiently deep degree of reduction and sublimation of zinc during its carbon-thermal reduction from concentrates and waste from metallurgical enterprises.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цинк</kwd><kwd>металлургические цинксодержащие отходы</kwd><kwd>диаграммы состояния систем Fe – Zn</kwd><kwd>Fe – Zn – O – C</kwd><kwd>ZnO – SiO2 </kwd><kwd>активности цинка в твердых растворах и расплавах Fe – Zn</kwd><kwd>активности компонентов в шлаковых расплавах</kwd><kwd>упругость пара цинка над твердыми растворами и расплавами Fe – Zn</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>zinc</kwd><kwd>metallurgical zinc – containing wastes</kwd><kwd>state diagrams of Fe – Zn</kwd><kwd>Fe – Zn – O – C</kwd><kwd>ZnO – SiO2 systems</kwd><kwd>zinc activity in solid solutions and Fe – Zn melts</kwd><kwd>component activity in slag melts</kwd><kwd>zinc vapor elasticity over solid solutions and melts of Fe – Zn</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лакерник М.М. Электротермия в металлургии меди, свинца, цинка. Москва: Металлургия; 1971:296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakernik M.M. Electrothermy in Metallurgy of Copper, Lead, Zinc. Moscow: Metallurgiya; 1971:296. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарасов А.В., Бессер А.Д., Мальцев В.И. Металлургичес­кая переработка вторичного цинкового сырья. Москва: Гинцветмет; 2004:219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasov A.V., Besser A.D., Mal’tsev V.I. Metallurgical Processing of Secondary Zinc Raw Materials. Moscow: Gintsvetmet; 2004:219. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saramak D., Krawczykowski D., Gawenda T. Investigations of zinc recovery from metallurgical waste. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;427:012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/427/1/012017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saramak D., Krawczykowski D., Gawenda T. Investigations of zinc recovery from metallurgical waste. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;427:012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/427/1/012017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов П.А. Вельц-процесс. Москва: ИД «Руда и металлы», 2002:175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov P.A. Veltz-Process. Moscow: Ruda i metally; 2002:175. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Металлургические технологии переработки техногенных месторождений, промышленных и бытовых отходов / С.Н. Кузнецов, Е.П. Волынкина, Е.В. Протопопов, И.В. Зоря. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН; 2014:294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov S.N., Volynkina E.P., Protopopov E.V., Zorya I.V. Metallurgical Technologies for Processing Technogenic Deposits, Industrial and Household Waste. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the SB RAS; 2014:294. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивановская М.И., Толстик А.И., Котиков Д.А., Паньков В.В. Структурные особенности Zn – Mn-феррита, синтезированного методом распылительного пиролиза. Журнал физической химии. 2009;83(12):2283–2288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanovskaya M.I., Tolstik A.I., Kotikov D.A., Pan’kov V.V. Structural features of Zn – Mn-ferrite synthesized by pyrilysis sputtering. Zhurnal fizicheskoi khimii. 2009;83(12): 2283–2288. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinel’t V.M., Anikin A.E., Strakhov V.M. Reduction of iron ore by means of lignite semicoke. Coke and chemistry. 2011;54(5):165–168. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068364X11050048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinel’t V.M., Anikin A.E., Strakhov V.M. Reduction of iron ore by means of lignite semicoke. Coke and chemistry. 2011;54(5):165–168. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068364X11050048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nokhrina O.I., Rozhihina I.D., Hodosov I.E. The use of coal in a solid phase reduction of iron oxide. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2015;91:012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/91/1/012045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nokhrina O.I., Rozhihina I.D., Hodosov I.E. The use of coal in a solid phase reduction of iron oxide. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2015;91:012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/91/1/012045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диаграммы состояния двойных металлических систем. Справочник / Под общ. ред. Н.П. Лякишева. Москва: Машиностроение; 1997:1024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State Diagrams of Double Metal Systems. Guide. Lyaki­shev N.P. ed. Moscow: Mashinostroenie; 1997:1024. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эллиот Д.Ф., Глейзер М., Рамакршина В. Термохимия сталеплавильных процессов. Москва: Металлургия; 1969:252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliott John F., Gleiser Molly, Ramakrishna V. Thermoche­mistry for Steelmaking. Addison – Wesley Inc.; 1963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shcherban A.P. Dependence of interphase distribution coefficients on temperature and concentration of components in double metal systems. East European Journal of Physics. 2020;(4):63–68. https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2020-4-08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherban A.P. Dependence of interphase distribution coefficients on temperature and concentration of components in double metal systems. East European Journal of Physics. 2020;(4):63–68. https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2020-4-08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кубашевски О. Диаграммы состояния двойных и многокомпонентных систем на основе железа. Москва: Металлургия, 1985:184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kubaschewski O. Iron – Binary Phase Diagrams. Berlin; 1982.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khina B.B., Goranskiy G.G. Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent amorphous alloys in Fe–Si–B–Ni and Fe–Si–B–Ni–CO–Cr–Mo systems. Advanced Materials and Technologies. 2016;(2):8–15. https://doi.org/10.17277/amt.2016.02.pp.008-015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khina B.B., Goranskiy G.G. Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent amorphous alloys in Fe–Si–B–Ni and Fe–Si–B–Ni–CO–Cr–Mo systems. Advanced Materials and Technologies. 2016;(2):8–15. https://doi.org/10.17277/amt.2016.02.pp.008-015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massardier V., Merlin J., Le Patezour E., Soler M. Mn–C interaction in Fe–C–Mn steels: Study by thermoelectric power and internal friction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2005;36:1745–1755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0039-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massardier V., Merlin J., Le Patezour E., Soler M. Mn–C interaction in Fe–C–Mn steels: Study by thermoelectric power and internal friction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2005;36:1745–1755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0039-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якушевич Н. Ф., Кавешников А.А. Термодинамический анализ системы CaO – SiO2 – TiO2 в состояниях инвариантных равновесий. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2004;47(6):7–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakushevich N. F., Kaveshnikov A.A. Thermodynamic analysis of the CaO – SiO2 – TiO2 system as part of invariant equilibria. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2004;47(6):7–11. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атлас шлаков / Перевод с нем. Г.И. Жмойдина / Под ред. И.С. Куликова. Москва: Металлургия; 1985:208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlackenatlas. Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, Verlag Stahleisen; 1981:282. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaychuk P.A. Thermodynamic evaluation of electrochemical stability of Me – Si systems (Me = 4th row transition metal). Journal of Siberian Federal University. Chemistry. 2015;8(2):160–180. https://doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-2015-8-2-160-180</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaychuk P.A. Thermodynamic evaluation of electrochemical stability of Me – Si systems (Me = 4th row transition metal). Journal of Siberian Federal University. Chemistry. 2015;8(2):160–180. https://doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-2015-8-2-160-180</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertoli A.C., Garcia J.S., Trevisan M.G., Ramalho T.C., Freitas M.P. Interactions fulvate-metal (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+): theoretical investigation of thermodynamic, structural and spectroscopic properties. Biometals. 2016;29:275–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-016-9914-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertoli A.C., Garcia J.S., Trevisan M.G., Ramalho T.C., Freitas M.P. Interactions fulvate-metal (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+): theoretical investigation of thermodynamic, structural and spectroscopic properties. Biometals. 2016;29:275–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-016-9914-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prostakova V., Shishin D., Shevchenko M., Jak E. Termodynamic optimization of the Al2O3 – FeO – Fe2O3 – SiO2 oxide system. Calphad. 2019;67:101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101680</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prostakova V., Shishin D., Shevchenko M., Jak E. Termodynamic optimization of the Al2O3 – FeO – Fe2O3 – SiO2 oxide system. Calphad. 2019;67:101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2019.101680</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sokol’skii V.E., Galinich V.I., Kazimirov V.P., Batalin G.I., Shovskii V.A. Structure of the molten ternary silicate systems MnO–TiO2–SiO2 and MnO–ZrO2–SiO2. Melts. 1989;1(6): 513–519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokol’skii V.E., Galinich V.I., Kazimirov V.P., Batalin G.I., Shovskii V.A. Structure of the molten ternary silicate systems MnO–TiO2–SiO2 and MnO–ZrO2–SiO2. Melts. 1989;1(6):513–519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
