<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-168-176</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2465</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Закономерности формирования аустенитного зерна в 12 %-ных хромистых жаропрочных ферритно-мартенситных сталях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of formation of austenite grains in 12 % Cr heat-resistant ferritic-martensitic steels</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беломытцев</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belomyttsev</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Юрьевич Беломытцев, д.т.н., профессор кафедры металловедения и физики прочности</p><p>Россия, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail Yu. Belomyttsev, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof. of the Chair “Metallography and Physics of Strength”</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">myubelom@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беломытцев М.Ю., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беломытцев М.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belomyttsev M.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2465">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2465</self-uri><abstract><p>Ферритно-мартенситные жаропрочные высокохромистые стали (ФМХС) с содержанием хрома 11 – 12 % подвергают закалке на мартенсит от температур 1050 – 1100 ºС. Возможные нежелательные последствия нагревов на такие высокие температуры – увеличение размеров аустенитного зерна, увеличение количества дельта-феррита в итоговой структуре, снижение механических характеристик. В работе изучено изменение всех этих факторов при нагревах ФХМС до температур закалки в интервале 950 – 1250 °С. Проведен анализ соотношения содержания мартенсита (его количество отождествляли с долей аустенита перед закалкой) и высокотемпературного дельта-феррита на металлографических шлифах. Обнаружено, что изменение структуры изученных ФХМС при нагревах на температуры 1150 °С и выше зависит от структурного класса сталей. В сталях, которые при комнатной температуре состоят из мартенсита и дельта-феррита, или в которых дельта-феррит начинает образовываться при температурах нагрева 1200 °С и выше, размер аустенитного зерна уменьшается с ростом температуры в интервале 1200 – 1250 °С, а количество дельта-феррита увеличивается. Такие структурные превращения могут быть связаны с изменением положения и (или) наклона границ высокотемпературной области сосуществования аустенита и дельта-феррита на диаграммах фазового равновесия ФХМС при изменении температуры нагрева в этом интервале. Испытания на сжатие при 20 °С образцов стали 15Х12Г3СМВ2ФР после термообработок с закалкой от температур 1000 – 1250 °С показали, что образование дополнительного количества дельта-феррита при температурах выше 1200 °С является более важным фактором, чем измельчение аустенитного зерна. Это вызывает снижение предела текучести образцов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ferritic-martensitic heat-resistant high-chromium steels (FMHS) with chromium content of 11 – 12 % are quenched to martensite from temperatures of 1050 – 1100 °С. Possible undesirable consequences of heating to such high temperatures are an increase in the size of austenite grains, increase in the amount of delta ferrite in the final structure, and a decrease in mechanical characteristics. In this work, the change of all these factors during heating of FHMS to quenching temperatures in the range of 950 – 1250 °С was studied. Ratios of the contents of martensite (its amount was identified with the proportion of austenite before quenching) and high-temperature delta ferrite on metallographic sections were analyzed. It was found that behavior of structure of the studied FHMS upon heating to temperatures of 1150 °С and above depends on the steels structural class. In steels whose structure at room temperature consists of martensite and delta ferrite, or in which delta ferrite begins to form at heating temperatures of 1200 °С and higher, size of austenite grain decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 1200 – 1250 °С, and the amount of delta ferrite – increases. Such structural transformations can be associated with features of the phase equilibrium diagrams of steels of this class. Such structural transformations can be associated with a change in the position and (or) inclination of boundaries of the high-temperature region of coexistence of austenite and delta-ferrite in the phase equilibrium diagrams of FHMS at a change in heating temperature in this range. Compression tests at 20 °С of 15Cr12Mn3SiMoW2VB steel samples after heat treatment with heating to temperatures for hardening 1000 – 1250 °С showed that formation of an additional amount of delta ferrite at temperatures above 1200 °С is a stronger factor than the refinement of austenite grains. This causes a decrease in yield strength of the samples quenched from these temperatures followed by high tempering.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>жаропрочные стали</kwd><kwd>мартенсит</kwd><kwd>дельта-феррит</kwd><kwd>термическая обработка</kwd><kwd>предел текучести</kwd><kwd>уравнение Петча-Холла</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heat-resistant steels</kwd><kwd>martensite</kwd><kwd>delta ferrite</kwd><kwd>heat treatment</kwd><kwd>yield strength</kwd><kwd>Petch-Hall equation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калин Б.А., Платонов П.А., Тузов Ю.В., Чернов И.И., Штромбах Я.И. Физическое материаловедение. Т. 6. Конструкционные материалы ядерной техники. Москва: НИЯУ МИФИ; 2012:736.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalin B.A., Platonov P.A., Tuzov Yu.V., Chernov I.I., Shtrom­bach Ya.I. Physical Materials Science. Vol. 6. Structural Materials of Nuclear Technology. Moscow: National Research Nuclear University MEPhI; 2012:736. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escobar J.D., Faria G.A., Maia E.L., Oliveira J.P., Boll T., Seils S., Mei P.R., Ramirez A.J. Fundamentals of isothermal austenite reversion in a Ti-stabilized 12Cr – 6Ni – 2Mo super martensitic stainless steel: Thermodynamics versus experimental assessments. Acta Materialia. 2019;174:246–259. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escobar J.D., Faria G.A., Maia E.L., Oliveira J.P., Boll T., Seils S., Mei P.R., Ramirez A.J. Fundamentals of isothermal austenite reversion in a Ti-stabilized 12Cr – 6Ni – 2Mo super martensitic stainless steel: Thermodynamics versus experimental assessments. Acta Materialia. 2019;174:246–259. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bettanini A.M., Ding L., Mithieux J.-D., Parrens C., Idrissi H., Schryvers D., Delannay L., Pardoen T., Jacques P.J. Influence of M23C6 dissolution on the kinetics of ferrite to austenite transformation in Fe-11Cr-0.06C stainless steel. Mate­rials and Design. 2019;162:362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.12.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bettanini A.M., Ding L., Mithieux J.-D., Parrens C., Idrissi H., Schryvers D., Delannay L., Pardoen T., Jacques P.J. Influence of M23C6 dissolution on the kinetics of ferrite to austenite transformation in Fe-11Cr-0.06C stainless steel. Mate­rials and Design. 2019;162:362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.12.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оленин М.И., Павлов В.Н., Быковский Н.Г., Осипова И.С., Башаева Е.Н., Гусельникова Т.М., Приймина Т.А. Влияние гомогенизации на хладостойкость высокопрочной коррозионно-стойкой стали марки 07Х16Н4Б. Вопросы материаловедения. 2009;2(58):33–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olenin M.I., Pavlov V.N., Bykovskii N.G., Osipova I.S., Bashaeva E.N., Gusel’nikova T.M., Priimina T.A. Effect of homogenization on the cold resistance of high-strength corrosion-resistant steel 07Kh16N4V. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2009;2(58):33–37. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бережко Б.И., Оленин М.И., Горынин В.И., Стольный В.И. Повышение сопротивления хрупкому разрушению высокохромистых сталей мартенситного и мартенситно-ферритного классов за счет гомогенизирующего отжига. Вопросы материаловедения. 2016;3(87):7–13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berezhko B.I., Olenin M.I., Gorynin V.I., Stol’nyi V.I. Increasing resistance of high-chromium martensitic and ferritic-martensitic steels to brittle fracture by homogenizing. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2016;3(87):7–13. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов П.Ю, Скоробогатых В.Н., Щенкова И.А., Дуб В.К., Астахов М.В. Влияние углерода на структуру и свойства жаропрочных 9 %-ных хромистых сталей. Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2011;54(3):48–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov P.Yu, Skorobogatykh V.N., Shchenkova I.A., Dub V.K., Astakhov M.V. Influence of carbon on structure and properties of high-temperature steels with 9% of chromium. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2011;54(3):48–51. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцев А.С., Охапкин К.А., Маркова Ю.М. Влияние технологических параметров горячей прокатки на структуру и свойства 12 %-ной хромистой стали. Металлург. 2018;(10):48–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryavtsev A.S., Okhapkin K.A., Markova Yu.M. Influence of technological parameters of hot rolling on the structure and properties of 12 %-Cr steel. Metallurg. 2018;(10): 48–53. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eliniyaz Z., Zhang L., Suna F., Shen Y., Shan A. Microstructural evolution of delta ferrite in SAVE12 steel under heat treatment and short-term creep. Materials Characterization. 2012;73:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.08.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eliniyaz Z., Zhang L., Suna F., Shen Y., Shan A. Microstructural evolution of delta ferrite in SAVE12 steel under heat treatment and short-term creep. Materials Characterization. 2012;73:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.08.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оленин М.И., Каштанов А.Д., Романов О.Н., Махорин В.В. Влияние гомогенизирующего отжига на снижение содержания δ-феррита в высокопрочной высокохромистой стали мартенситного класса марки 07Х15Н5Д4Б, полученной методом селективного лазерного сплавления. Вопросы материаловедения. 2021;2(106):47–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olenin M.I., Kashtanov A.D., Romanov O.N., Makhorin V.V. Influence of homogenizing annealing on the reduction of δ-ferrite content in high-strength high-chromium martensitic steel grade 07Kh15N5D4B obtained by selective laser alloying. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2021;2(106):47–54. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернявская С.Г., Красникова С.Н., Сулименко А.В. Изменение дельта-феррита в стали 1Х16Н3Б при гомогенизации. Металловедение и термическая обработка металлов. 1972;(9):66–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyavskaya S.G., Krasnikova S.N., Sulimenko A.V. Change of delta ferrite in steel 1Kh16N3B during homogenization. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov. 1972;(9):66–67. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнеев Е.А., Громов А.Ф., Киселев А.М. Влияние дельта-феррита на свойства мартенситных сталей. Металловедение и термическая обработка металлов. 2013;698(8):46–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korneev E.A., Gromov A.F., Kiselev A.M. Effect of delta ferrite on the properties of martensitic steels. Metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov. 2013;698(8):46–50. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuper M.W., Alexandrov B.T. Retention of delta ferrite in the heat-affected zone of Grade 91 steel dissimilar metal welds. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2019;50(6): 2732–2747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05182-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuper M.W., Alexandrov B.T. Retention of delta ferrite in the heat-affected zone of Grade 91 steel dissimilar metal welds. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2019;50(6): 2732–2747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05182-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niessen F., Tiedje N.S., Hald J. Kinetics modeling of delta-ferrite formation and retainment during casting of supermartensitic stainless steel. Materials and Design. 2017;118: 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.01.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niessen F., Tiedje N.S., Hald J. Kinetics modeling of delta-ferrite formation and retainment during casting of supermartensitic stainless steel. Materials and Design. 2017;118: 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.01.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji Y.P., Li Y.M., Zhang M.X., Qu W., Zhao T.X., Ren H.P. Grain refinement mechanism of the δ-ferrite in steels through cerium addition. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020;51:1707–1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05645-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji Y.P., Li Y.M., Zhang M.X., Qu W., Zhao T.X., Ren H.P. Grain refinement mechanism of the δ-ferrite in steels through cerium addition. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020;51:1707–1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05645-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X., Liu Y., Qiao Z., Guo Q., Liu C., Yu L., Li H. Effects of cooling rates on ferrite-austenite formation and marten­sitic transformation in modified ferritic heat resistant steel. Fusion Engineering and Design. 2017;125:354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.05.095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X., Liu Y., Qiao Z., Guo Q., Liu C., Yu L., Li H. Effects of cooling rates on ferrite-austenite formation and marten­sitic transformation in modified ferritic heat resistant steel. Fusion Engineering and Design. 2017;125:354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.05.095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saini N., Mulik R.S., Mahapatra M.M., Kannan R., Sharma N.K., Li L. Dissolution of δ-ferrite and its effect on mechanical properties of P92 steel welds. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;796:139370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139370</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saini N., Mulik R.S., Mahapatra M.M., Kannan R., Sharma N.K., Li L. Dissolution of δ-ferrite and its effect on mechanical properties of P92 steel welds. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;796:139370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen K., Yan J., Li N., Luo M., Shi H., Zhu X., Liu Y., Zhao X., Zhang R. The effect of the annealing temperature on the damping capacity under constant prestress, mechanical properties and microstructure of an Fe-11Cr-2.5Mo-0.1Zr-1.0Ni forged damping alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020;815:152429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen K., Yan J., Li N., Luo M., Shi H., Zhu X., Liu Y., Zhao X., Zhang R. The effect of the annealing temperature on the damping capacity under constant prestress, mechanical properties and microstructure of an Fe-11Cr-2.5Mo-0.1Zr-1.0Ni forged damping alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020;815:152429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng S., Yuan X., Gong X., Le T., Ravindra A.V. Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of an Fe-Cr-w-Mo-V-C steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2019;50(5):2342–2355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05162-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng S., Yuan X., Gong X., Le T., Ravindra A.V. Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of an Fe-Cr-w-Mo-V-C steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2019;50(5):2342–2355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05162-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бобков В.П., Румянцев В.Н., Соловьев В.А., Тарасиков В.П. Справочник по свойствам материалов для перспективных реакторных технологий. Том 5. Свойства реакторных сталей и сплавов. Москва: ИздАТ; 2014:584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bobkov V.P., Rumyantsev V.N., Solov’ev V.A., Tarasikov V.P. Handbook on the Properties of Materials for Advanced Reactor Technologies. Vol. 5. Properties of Reactor Steels and Alloys. Moscow: IzdAT; 2014:584. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Штремель М.А. Прочность сплавов. Ч. 2. Деформация. Москва: МИСиС; 1997: 527.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shtremel’ M.A. Alloy Strength. Part 2. Deformation. Moscow: MISIS; 1997:527. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беломытцев М.Ю., Образцов С.М., Моляров А.В. О соотношении жаропрочности и содержания феррита в 12 %-ных хромистых сталях с ферритно-мартенситной структурой. Металлург. 2017;(9):46–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belomyttsev M.Yu., Obraztsov S.M., Molyarov A.V. Effect of ferrite content on high temperature strength of ferritic-martensitic steels with 12% Cr. Metallurg. 2017;(9):46–51. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
