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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2021-12-886-894</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2218</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Физическая природа упрочнения поверхности рельсов при длительной эксплуатации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Physical nature of rail surface hardening during long-term operation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-9006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yur’ev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Алексеевич Юрьев, к.т.н., менеджер по управлению продуктами и ресурсами</p><p>654043, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, Космическое шоссе, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Yur’ev, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Manager of Product and Resource Management</p><p>16 Kosmicheskoe Route, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654043</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ant-yurev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-5343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кормышев</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kormyshev</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василий Евгеньевич Кормышев, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник Управления научных исследований</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasilii E. Kormyshev, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of Department of Scientific Researches</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">89236230000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-5343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Евгеньевич Громов, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. профессора В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor E. Gromov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel’</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-7958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Федорович Иванов, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>634055, Томск, пр. Академический, 2/3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurii F. Ivanov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., Chief Researcher</p><p>2/3 Akademicheskii Ave., Tomsk 634055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yufi55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-1427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлярова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlyarova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Андреевна Шлярова, аспирант кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. профессора В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya A. Shlyarova, Postgraduate of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel’</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rubannikova96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «ЕВРАЗ объединенный Западно-Сибирский металлургический комбинат»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “EVRAZ – Joint West Siberian Metallurgical Plant”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Physical nature of rail surface hardening during long-term operation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>886</fpage><lpage>894</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юрьев А.А., Кормышев В.Е., Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Шлярова Ю.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрьев А.А., Кормышев В.Е., Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Шлярова Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.A., Kormyshev V.E., Gromov V.E., Ivanov Y.F., Shlyarova Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2218">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2218</self-uri><abstract><p>Выполнен сравнительный количественный анализ физических механизмов упрочнения поверхностных слоев рельсов после экстремально длительной эксплуатации. В основе метода находятся ранее установленные закономерности формирования структурно­ фазовых состояний и механических свойств дифференцированно закаленных длинномерных рельсов производства АО «ЕВРАЗ ЗСМК» на глубине до 10 мм в головке рельсов по центральной оси и выкружке после пропущенного тоннажа 1411 млн т. В расчетах были учтены объемные доли и характеристики того или иного типа субструктуры. Увеличение микротвердости и твердости поверхностных слоев рельсов, подвергнутых сверхдлительной эксплуатации на экспериментальном кольце РЖД, носит многофакторный характер и определяется суперпозицией ряда физических механизмов. Оценены вклады, обусловленные трением решетки матрицы, внутрифазными границами, дислокационной субструктурой, присутствием карбидных частиц, внутренними полями напряжений, твердорастворным упрочнением, перлитной составляющей структуры стали. Независимо от направления анализа (вдоль центральной оси головки или вдоль оси симмет­ рии выкружки) прочность металла рельсов зависит от расстояния до поверхности: увеличивается по мере приближения к поверхности головки. Установлены наиболее значимые физические механизмы, которые обеспечивают высокие прочностные свойства металла головки рельсов, подвергнутых экстремально длительной эксплуатации. В подповерхностном слое (расположенном на глубине 2 – 10 мм) головки рельсов наиболее значимым физическим механизмом является дислокационный, обусловленный взаимодействием движущихся дислокаций с неподвижными дислокациями (дислокациями «леса»), а в поверхностном слое головки рельсов – субструктурный, обусловленный взаимодействием дислокаций с малоугловыми границами фрагментов и субзерен нанометрового диапазона. Проведено сравнение с количественными значениями механизмов упрочнения рельсов после пропущенного тоннажа 691,8 млн т. Показано, что увеличение пропущенного тоннажа в интервале 691,8 – 1411 млн т приводит к существенному (в 1,5 – 2,0 раза) повышению прочности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A comparative quantitative analysis of the physical mechanisms of hardening of rails surface layers after extremely long­term operation has been performed. The method is based on previously established patterns of formation of structural-phase states and mechanical properties of differentially hardened long­length rails produced by JSC “EVRAZ ZSMK” at a depth of up to 10 mm in the cutting of rails along the central axis and cutting out after the missed tonnage of 1411 million tons. The calculations took into account the volume fractions and characteristics of a particular type of substructure. Increase in microhardness and hardness of the surface layers of the rails subjected to ultra­long operation on the experimental ring of the Russian Railways is multifactorial and is determined by superposition of a number of physical mechanisms. The contributions are estimated due to friction of the matrix lattice, internal phase boundaries, dislocation substructure, presence of carbide particles, internal stress fields, solid hardening, and pearlitic component of the steel structure. Regardless of the analysis direction (along the central axis of the head or along the axis of symmetry of the chip), strength of the rails metal depends on the distance to the surface: it increases as it approaches the top of the head. The most significant physical mechanisms have been established, which provide high strength properties of the metal of the rail head subjected to extremely long­term operation. In the subsurface layer (located at a depth of 2 – 10 mm) of the rail head, the most significant physical mechanisms are dislocation mechanism, due to the interaction of moving dislocations with stationary dislocations (dislocations of the “forest”); in the surface layer of the rail head, substructural mechanism, due to the interaction of dislocations with small­angle boundaries of fragments and subgrains of a nanometer–sized polygon. A comparison with the quantitative values of the rail hardening mechanisms after the missed tonnage of 691.8 million tons was carried out. It is shown that an increase in the missed tonnage in the range of 691.8 – 1411 million tons leads to a significant (1.5 – 2.0 times) increase in strength.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рельсы</kwd><kwd>поверхностные слои</kwd><kwd>механизмы упрочнения</kwd><kwd>длительная эксплуатация</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>поверхность катания</kwd><kwd>выкружка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rails</kwd><kwd>surface layers</kwd><kwd>hardening mechanisms</kwd><kwd>long­term operation</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>rolling surface</kwd><kwd>cutting</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Анализ структурно­фазового состояния стали выполнен при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект № 19­32­60001), анализ механизмов упрочнения выполнен при финансовой поддержке гранта РНФ (проект № 19­19­00183).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The analysis of the structural and phase state of steel was supported by the RFBR grant (project No. 19­32­60001), the analysis of hardening mechanisms was supported by the RNF grant (project No. 19­19­00183).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громов В.Е., Перегудов О.А., Иванов Ю.Ф., Коновалов С.В., Юрьев А.А. 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