<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2021-12-877-885</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2217</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Физическая природа упрочнения теплостойкого металла высокой твердости, сформированного плазмой  в среде азота</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Physical nature of hardening  of heat-resistant metal of high hardness formed by plasma in nitrogen medium</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0762-1793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малушин</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malushin</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Николаевич Малушин, к.т.н, доцент, ведущий инженер кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai N. Malushin, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Prof., Leading Engineer of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nmalushin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6880-2849</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денис Анатольевич Романов, д.т.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник управления научных исследований</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis A. Romanov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Chief Researcher of Department of Scientific Researches</p><p>42 Kirova Str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanov_da@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>877</fpage><lpage>885</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малушин Н.Н., Романов Д.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малушин Н.Н., Романов Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malushin N.N., Romanov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2217">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2217</self-uri><abstract><p>Методами растровой электронной микроскопии и микрорентгеноспектрального анализа исследованы структура, фазовый и химический составы теплостойкого сплава, сформированного плазмой в среде азота с последующим высокотемпературным отпуском. Установлено, что в наплавленном сплаве основными фазами являются твердый раствор α­железа и карбонитриды на основе железа, вольфрама, хрома, молибдена, алюминия (Fe6W6NС и AlN). Высокотемпературная обработка (четырехкратный высокотемпературный отпуск при температуре нагрева 580 °С и времени выдержки 1 ч) наплавленного покрытия приводит к росту параметра кристаллической решетки (с 2,866 до 2,89 Å) и размеров областей когерентного рассеяния (с 25 до 100 нм), уменьшению внутренних упругих напряжений (с 1000 до 600 МПа). На поверхности наплавки наблюдается явно выраженная ориентированная дендритная структура. После наплавки и высокотемпературного отпуска ориентированная дендритная структура практически не просматривается. Распределение микротвердости по глубине наплавленного слоя в состоянии после наплавки характеризуется значительным разбросом значений при ее высоком среднем значении на поверхности 4,142 ГПа (дисперсия 1,0956) и средней части наплавки 5,153 ГПа (дисперсия 1,5697). Разброс значений микротвердости связан со сложным тепловым воздействием многослойной плазменной наплавки по винтовой линии и перемешиванием материала подложки с наплавляемым покрытием. Высокотемпературный отпуск приводит к выравниванию значений микротвердости и повышению ее среднего значения до 5,7 – 6,5 ГПа. Уточнена природа упрочнения наплавленного теплостойкого металла высокой твердости, дополнительно легированного азотом и алюминием. Основное упрочнение наплавленного металла происходит при высокотемпературном отпуске за счет увеличения количества карбидных и карбонитридных фаз и образования мелкодисперсного нитрида алюминия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The structure, phase and chemical composition of a heat­resistant alloy formed by plasma in a nitrogen medium with subsequent high­ temperature tempering have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and microrentgenospectral analysis. It was found that in the deposited alloy, the main phases are a solid solution of α­iron and carbonitrides based on iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, and aluminum (Fe6W6NC and AlN). High­temperature treatment (four­fold high­temperature tempering at a temperature of 580 °C for 1 h) of the deposited coating leads to an increase in the crystal lattice parameters (from 2.866 to 2.89 Å) and in the sizes of coherent scattering regions (from 25 to 100 nm), and to a decrease in internal elastic stresses (from 1000 to 600 MPa). A pronounced oriented dendritic structure is observed on the deposited surface. After surfacing and high­temperature tempering, the oriented dendritic structure is practically not visible. The distribution of microhardness over the depth of the deposited layer in the state after surfacing is characterized by a significant spread at its high average value on the surface of 4.142 GPa (dispersion 1.0956) and the middle part of the surfacing – 5.153 GPa (dispersion 1.5697). The spread of microhardness values is associated with the complex thermal effect of multilayer plasma surfacing along a helical line and mixing of the substrate material with the surfacing coating. High-temperature tempering leads to an equalization of the microhardness values and an increase in its average value to 5.7 – 6.5 GPa. The nature of hardening of the deposited heat­ resistant metal of high hardness, additionally alloyed with nitrogen and aluminum, was clarified. The main hardening of the deposited metal occurs at high temperature tempering due to an increase in the carbide and carbonitride phases and the formation of fine aluminum nitride.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плазменная наплавка</kwd><kwd>теплостойкий наплавленный металл высокой твердости</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>свойства</kwd><kwd>твер- дость</kwd><kwd>микротвердость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>plasma surfacing</kwd><kwd>heat-resistant deposited metal of high hardness</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>properties</kwd><kwd>hardness</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Гранта Президента Российской Федерации для государственной под- держки молодых российских ученых – докторов наук МД­486.2020.8 и кандидатов наук МК­5585.2021.4, а также при финансовой под­держке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20­08­00044.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Grant from the President of the Russian Federation for state support of young Russian scientists – MD­486.2020.8 doctors of Sciences and MK­5585.2021.4 Candidates of Sciences, and by RFBR in framework of scientific project No. 20­08­00044.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazur I.P. Improvement of consumer properties and stability of the technological process of hot rod stock production // Materials Scien­ ce Forum. 2008. Vol. 575–578. P. 379–384. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.575-578.379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazur I.P. Improvement of consumer properties and stability of the technological process of hot rod stock production. Materials Scien­ ce Forum. 2008, vol. 575–578, pp. 379–384. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.575-578.379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonçalves J.L., De Mello J.D.B., Costa H.L. Wear in cold rolling milling rolls: A methodological approach // Wear. 2019. Vol. 426–427. Part B. P. 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonçalves J.L., De Mello J.D.B., Costa H.L. Wear in cold rolling milling rolls: A methodological approach. Wear. 2019, vol. 426–427, part B, pp. 1523–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonçalves J.L., De Mello J.D.B., Costa H.L. Tribological behaviour of alternative surface modifications for cold rolling mill rolls // Wear. 2021. Vol. 470–471. Article 203614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonçalves J.L., De Mello J.D.B., Costa H.L. Tribological behaviour of alternative surface modifications for cold rolling mill rolls. Wear. 2021, vol. 470–471, article 203614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Mello J.D.B., Gonçalves J.L., Costa H.L. Influence of surface texturing and hard chromium coating on the wear of steels used in cold rolling mill rolls // Wear. 2013. Vol. 302. No. 1–2. P. 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Mello J.D.B., Gonçalves J.L., Costa H.L. Influence of surface texturing and hard chromium coating on the wear of steels used in cold rolling mill rolls. Wear. 2013, vol. 302, no. 1–2, pp. 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou Z.­W., Dong Y.­W., Jiang Z.­H., Yao K.­A., Li Y.­S., Cao Y.­L. Transient simulations and experiments on compound roll produced by electroslag remelting cladding // Metallurgical and Mate­ rials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2021. Vol. 52. No. 2. P. 598–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-02019-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou Z.­W., Dong Y.­W., Jiang Z.­H., Yao K.­A., Li Y.­S., Cao Y.­L. Transient simulations and experiments on compound roll produced by electroslag remelting cladding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2021, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 598–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-02019-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim M.­S., Park K.­S., Kim D.­I., Suh J.­Y., Shim J.­H., Hong K.T., Choi S.­H. Heterogeneities in the microstructure and mechanical properties of high­Cr martensitic stainless steel produced by repetitive hot roll bonding // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021. Vol. 801. Article 140416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140416</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim M.­S., Park K.­S., Kim D.­I., Suh J.­Y., Shim J.­H., Hong K.T., Choi S.­H. Heterogeneities in the microstructure and mechanical properties of high­Cr martensitic stainless steel produced by repetitive hot roll bonding. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021, vol. 801, article 140416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140416</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barkov L.A., Samodurova M.N., Galkina D.P. Rolling of refractory metals on four­roll passes rolling mills // International Conference on Industrial Engineering. 2019. P. 1929–1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95630-5_207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkov L.A., Samodurova M.N., Galkina D.P. Rolling of refractory metals on four-roll passes rolling mills. International Conference on Industrial Engineering. 2019, pp. 1929–1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95630-5_207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colombini R., Molinaroli L., Simonetti R., Colombo L.P.M., Manzolini G. Numerical analysis of different designs of roll­bond absorber on PV/T module and performance assessment // Applied Thermal Engineering. 2021. Vol. 192. Article 116873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colombini R., Molinaroli L., Simonetti R., Colombo L.P.M., Manzolini G. Numerical analysis of different designs of roll­bond absorber on PV/T module and performance assessment. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2021, vol. 192, article 116873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aushev A.F., Bedrin A.G., Mironov I.S., Porozhnetov P.N. Device for plasma marking of metal items // Journal of Optical Technology. 2003. Vol. 70. No. 4. P. 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOT.70.000257</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aushev A.F., Bedrin A.G., Mironov I.S., Porozhnetov P.N. Device for plasma marking of metal items. Journal of Optical Technology. 2003, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOT.70.000257</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kartsev S.V. Mathematical model of optimization of controlled parameters of the plasma surfacing technological process of wearresistant coatings // Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Relia­ bility. 2020. Vol. 49. P. 823–828. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618820090095</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kartsev S.V. Mathematical model of optimization of controlled parameters of the plasma surfacing technological process of wear-resistant coatings. Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability. 2020, vol. 49, pp. 823–828. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1052618820090095</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinov D., Pustovoitov D., Pesin A. Influence of microstructure on inhomogeneity of stress and strain in the deformation zone during asymmetric cold rolling of ferritic­pearlitic steels // Procedia Manufacturing. 2020. Vol. 50. P. 514–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov D., Pustovoitov D., Pesin A. Influence of microstructure on inhomogeneity of stress and strain in the deformation zone during asymmetric cold rolling of ferritic-pearlitic steels. Procedia Manufacturing. 2020, vol. 50, pp. 514–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.093</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinov D., Pesin A., Pustovoytov D. Multiscale simulation of the stress-strain state of low carbon steel strip processed by asymmetric rolling // Solid State Phenomena. 2020. Vol. 304. P. 107–112. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.304.107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov D., Pesin A., Pustovoytov D. Multiscale simulation of the stress-strain state of low carbon steel strip processed by asymmetric rolling. Solid State Phenomena. 2020, vol. 304, pp. 107–112. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.304.107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neulybin S.D., Schitsyn Y.D., Belinin D.S., Permyakov G.L. Prospects of using plasma surfacing to producing of layered materials // International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research. 2020. Vol. 8. No. 7. P. 3562–3568. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/111872020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neulybin S.D., Schitsyn Y.D., Belinin D.S., Permyakov G.L. Prospects of using plasma surfacing to producing of layered materials. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research. 2020, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 3562–3568. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/111872020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малушин H.H., Валуев Д.В. Обеспечение качества деталей металлургического оборудования на всех этапах их жизненного цикла путем применения плазменной наплавки теплостойкими сталями высокой твердости. Томск: изд. Томского политехни­ ческого университета, 2013. 358 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malushin N.N., Valuev D.V. Ensuring the Quality of Metallurgical Equipment Parts at all Stages of their Life Cycle by Applying Plasma Surfacing with Heat­Resistant Steels of High Hardness. Tomsk: Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2013, 358 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Геллер Ю.А. Инструментальные стали. М.: Металлургия, 1975. 584 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geller Yu.A. Tool Steels. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1975, 584 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малушин Н.Н., Ковалев А.П., Осетковский В.Л., Никоненко Е.Л., Осетковский И.В. Влияние высокотемпературного отпуска на свойства хромовольфрамового металла высокой твердости, наплавленного плазменной наплавкой в защитно­легирующей среде азота // Заготовительные производства в машиностроении. 2017. Т. 15. № 12. С. 541–546.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malushin N.N., Kovalev A.P., Osetkovskii V.L., Nikonenko E.L., Osetkovskii I.V. Influence of high­temperature tempering on the properties of chromium-tungsten metal of high hardness deposited by plasma surfacing in a protective alloying nitrogen medium. Zagotovitel’nye proizvodstva v mashinostroenii. 2017, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 541–546. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малушин H.H., Романов Д.А., Ковалев А.П., Осетковский В.Л., Бащенко Л.П. Структурно­фазовое состояние теплостойкого сплава высокой твердости, сформированного плазменной наплавкой в среде азота и высокотемпературным отпуском // Известия вузов. Физика. 2019. Т. 62. № 10. С. 106–111. https://doi.org/10.17223/00213411/62/10/106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malushin N.N., Romanov D.A., Kovalev A.P., Osetkovskii V.L., Bashchenko L.P. Structural­phase state of heat­resistant alloy of high hardness is formed by plasma welding in the environment of nitrogen and high temperature tempering. Izvestiya vuzov. Fizika. 2019, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 106–111. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17223/00213411/62/10/106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малушин Н.Н., Романов Д.А., Ковалев А.П., Будовских Е.А., Chen X. Структура быстрорежущего сплава после плазменной наплавки в среде азота и термообработки // Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2020. Т. 63. № 9. С. 707–715. https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-9-707-715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malushin N.N., Romanov D.A., Kovalev A.P., Budovskikh E.A., Chen X. Structure of high­speed alloy after plasma surfacing in nitrogen and heat treatment. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2020, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 707–715. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-9-707-715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батаев В.А., Батаев А.А. Композиционные материалы: строение, получение, применение. Новосибирск: Изд­во Новосибирского государственного технического университета, 2002. 383 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bataev V.A., Bataev A.A. Composite Materials: Structure, Production, Application. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State Technical University, 2002, 383 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульков С.Н., Гнюсов С.Ф. Карбидостали на основе карбидов титана и вольфрама. Томск: НТЛ, 2006. 240 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kul’kov S.N., Gnyusov S.F. Carbide Steels Based on Titanium and Tungsten Carbides. Tomsk: NTL, 2006, 240 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
