<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2021-5-345-352</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2098</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизация технологии производства непрерывнолитой заготовки рельсовой стали с целью повышения чистоты по неметаллическим включениям</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization of production technologyof continuous cast rail steel for increasing its purity by non-metallic inclusions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-6491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigor’ev</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Михайлович Григорьев, аспирант кафедры металлургии стали, новых производственных технологий и защиты металлов</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton М. Grigor’ev, Postgraduate of the Chair of Metallurgy of Steel, New Production Technologies and Metal Protection</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonmgrigoryev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максим Сергеевич Кузнецов, кандидат технических наук, начальник управления технического сопровождения  сталеплавильного  производства</p><p>462353, Оренбургская обл., Новотроицк, ул. Заводская, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim S. Kuznetsov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Department of Steelmaking Production Technical Support</p><p>1 Zavodskaya Str., Novotroitsk, Orenburg Region 462356</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.kuznetsov@uralsteel.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепелев</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepelev</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денис Сергеевич Шепелев, главный специалист по сталеплавильному производству</p><p>462353, Оренбургская обл., Новотроицк, ул. Заводская, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis S. Shepelev, Chief Specialist in Steelmaking</p><p>1 Zavodskaya Str., Novotroitsk, Orenburg Region 462356</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Михайлович Алексеев, главный специалист по испытаниям центральной лаборатории комбината</p><p>462353, Оренбургская обл., Новотроицк, ул. Заводская, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii M. Alekseev, Chief Specialist on Tests of the Central Laboratory</p><p>1 Zavodskaya Str., Novotroitsk, Orenburg Region 462356</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-4262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорович</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorovich</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Константин Всеволодович Григорович, академик РАН, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры металлургии стали, новых производственных технологий и защиты металлов, Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС», заведующий лабораторией диагностики материалов, Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова, РАН </p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4; 119991, Москва, Ленинский пр., 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin V. Grigorovich, Academician, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Chair of Metallurgy of Steel, New Production Technologies and Metal Protection, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Head of the Laboratory of Materials Diagnostics, Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049; 49 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119991</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Уральская Сталь»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “Ural Steel</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС»; &#13;
Институт металлургии и материаловедения им А.А. Байкова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”; &#13;
Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>345</fpage><lpage>352</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Григорьев А.М., Кузнецов М.С., Шепелев Д.С., Алексеев Е.М., Григорович К.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьев А.М., Кузнецов М.С., Шепелев Д.С., Алексеев Е.М., Григорович К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigor’ev A.M., Kuznetsov M.S., Shepelev D.S., Alekseev E.M., Grigorovich K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2098">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2098</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью данного исследования являлось изучение причин образования недеформируемых неметаллических включений в рельсовой стали и пути снижения отбраковки готовых рельсов по дефектам ультразвукового контроля. Исследования проводили в условиях электросталеплавильного цеха АО «Уральская Сталь». В центральной заводской лаборатории комбината был проведен химический анализ неметаллических включений в образцах готовых рельсов, отбракованных на установке ультразвукового контроля при производстве рельсов ТОО «Актюбинский рельсобалочный завод» из заготовки производства АО «Уральская Сталь». По своему составу неметаллические включения представлены оксидами алюминия. Определены наиболее вероятные причины получения неметаллических включений: в результате использования ферросплавов, содержащих в своем составе алюминий, или взаимодействия компонентов расплава с огнеупорными материалами и шлакообразующей смеси. Проведен анализ ферросплавов, применяемых при производстве рельсовой стали. Произведено промышленное опробование технологии производства непрерывнолитой заготовки рельсовой стали с заменой ферросилиция марки ФС65, имеющего в своем составе алюминий, на карбид кремния. Отмечено повышение степени усвоения кремния и углерода на опытных плавках. Оценка загрязненности неметаллическими включениями и оценка механических свойств рельсовой стали, полученной по опытной технологии, показали, что служебные характеристики металла рельсовой стали соответствуют требованиям ГОСТ Р 51685-2013. Промышленным экспериментом подтверждено, что технология легирования карбидом кремния рельсовой стали Э76Ф в условиях АО «Уральская Сталь» технически возможна. На опытной партии металла получено увеличение выхода годных 100-метровых рельсов на 17 %, произведенных из непрерывнолитой заготовки АО «Уральская Сталь».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the work was to examine the reasons for formation of non-deformable non-metallic inclusions in rail steel and ways to reduce the rejection of finished rails due to the defects revealed during ultrasonic testing. The study was conducted at the steelmaking plant of JSC “Ural Steel”. In the central laboratory of the combine, a chemical analysis of non-metallic inclusions was carried out in the samples of finished rails produced from blanks manufactured by JSC “Ural Steel” and rejected at the ultrasonic test unit during the rail production at the “Aktobe Rail and Section Works” LLP. Non-metallic inclusions by their composition are represented by aluminium oxides. The most probable reasons for their formation have been determined as following: the use of aluminium containing ferroalloys and interaction of the melt components with refractory materials and casting powder. The authors made analysis of the ferroalloys used in production of rail steel. Industrial trials of the manufacturing process of continuously cast blanks from rail steel were carried out, where FS65 ferrosilicon, which contains aluminium, was replaced with silicon carbide. An increasing degree of silicon and carbon recovery in trial heats was noted. Evaluation of contamination with non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of the rail steel manufactured using the experimental technology showed that the service characteristics of the rail steel meet requirements of the state standard GOST R 51685 – 2013. The full-scale experiment has confirmed that the technology of alloying E76F rail steel with silicon carbide at JSC “Ural Steel” is technically feasible. The yield of 100-meter rails was increased by 17 % on a trial batch produced from JSC “Ural Steel” continuously cast blanks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производство стали</kwd><kwd>рельсовая сталь</kwd><kwd>ферросплавы</kwd><kwd>раскисление</kwd><kwd>неметаллические включения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>steel production</kwd><kwd>rail steel</kwd><kwd>ferroalloys</kwd><kwd>deoxidation</kwd><kwd>non-metallic inclusions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грузовой железнодорожный транспорт России в 2010 – 2015 гг.: Аналитический доклад. Институт проблем естественных монополий, май 2016. С. 2–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freight rail transport in Russia in 2010 – 2015: Analytical report. Institute for Natural Monopoly Problems, May 2016, pp. 2–4. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анисимов Н.К., Зубов С.П., Кузнецов М.С., Шепелев Д.С., Григорович К.В., Григорьев А.М. Оптимизация технологии производства непрерывнолитой заготовки транспортного металла для производства железнодорожных рельс с целью повышения технико-экономической эффективности использования новых материалов // Сбoрник трудов XV Международного конгресса сталеплавильщиков. Тула, 2018. С. 419‒422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisimov N.K., Zubov S.P., Kuznetsov M.S. , Shepelev D.S., Grigorovich K.V., Grigor’ev А.М. Optimization of the production technology of continuously cast blanks from transport metal for the production of railway rails in order to increase technical and economic efficiency of the new materials use. In: Proceedings of the XV Int. Congr. of Steelmakers. Tula, 2018, pp. 419–422. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марочник сталей и сплавов / А.С. Зубченко, М.М. Колосков, Ю.В. Каширский и др. / Под общ. ред. А.С. Зубченко. М.: Машиностроение, 2003. 784 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubchenko A.S., Koloskov M.M., Kashirskii Yu.V., etc. Grade Guide of Steels and Alloys. Zubchenko A.S. ed. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2003, 784 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорович К.В., Трушникова А.С., Арсенкин А.М., Шибаев С.С., Гарбер А.К. Исследование структуры и металлургичес-кого качества рельсовых сталей различных производителей // Металлы. 2006. № 5. C. 1‒16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorovich K.V., Trushnikova А.S., Arsenkin А.М., Shibaev S.S., Garber А.К. Structure and metallurgical quality of rail steels pro-duced by various manufacturers. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2006, vol. 2006, no. 5, pp. 427–438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шур Е.А., Трусова Т.Н., Григорович К.В., Трушевский С.М. Применение фракционного газового анализа для оценки эксплуатационных свойств рельсов // Материалы юбилейной рельсовой комиссии. Новокузнецк, 2002. С. 229‒248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shur E.A., Trusova Т.N., Grigorovich K.V., Trushevskii S.М. Application of fractional gas analysis to assess rails performance. In: Materials of the Jubilee Rail Commission. Novokuznetsk 2002, pp. 229–248. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорович К.В., Арсенкин А.М., Трушникова А.С. и др. Неметаллические включения: оценка и прогноз эксплуатационной стойкости рельсов // Неметаллические включения в рельсовой стали: Сборник научных трудов. Екатеринбург: УИМ, 2005. С. 102‒115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorovich K.V., Arsenkin А.М., Trushnikova А.S., etc. Application of fractional gas analysis to assess the performance properties of rail steel. In: Improving the Quality and Service Life of Rail Steel. Proceedings. Yekaterinburg: UIM, 2005, pp. 102‒115. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнева Л.В., Юнин Г.Н., Козырев Н.А., Атконова О.П., Полевой Е.В. Сравнительный анализ показателей качества рельсов ОАО «Новокузнецкий металлургический комбинат» и зарубежных производителей // Известия вузов. Черная металлургия. 2010. № 12. С. 38–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korneva L.V., Yunin G.N., Kozyrev N.A., Atkonova O.P., Polevoi E.V., Comparative analysis of rail product quality indexes of JSC “Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant” and foreign manufacturers. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2010, no. 12, pp. 38–42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шур Е.А. Повреждение рельсов. М.: Интекст, 2012. 192 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shur E.A. Rail Damage. Moscow: Intekst, 2012, 192 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шейнман Е. Износ рельсов // Трение и износ. 2012. Т. 33. № 4. С. 413–422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheinman E. Rail wear. Trenie i iznos. 2012, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 413–422. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y., Zhou L., Ding H.H., Lewis R., Liu Q.Y., Guo J., Wang W.J. Microstructure evolution of railway pearlitic wheel steels under rolling-sliding contact loading // Tribology International. 2021. Vol. 154. Article 106685. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y., Zhou L., Ding H.H., Lewis R., Liu Q.Y., Guo J., Wang W.J. Microstructure evolution of railway pearlitic wheel steels under rolling-sliding contact loading. Tribology International. 2021, vol. 154, article 106685. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu P., Quan Y., Wan J. Yu L. Experimental investigation on the wear and damage behaviors of machined wheel-rail materials under dry sliding conditions // Materials. 2021. Vol. 14. No. 3. Article 540. http://doi.org//10.3390/ma14030540</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu P., Quan Y., Wan J. Yu L. Experimental investigation on the wear and damage behaviors of machined wheel-rail materials under dry sliding conditions. Materials. 2021, vol. 14, no. 3, article 540. http://doi.org//10.3390/ma14030540</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Thomas B.G. State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness // ISIJ International. 2003. Vol. 43. No. 3. P. 271– 291. http://doi.org//10.2355/isijinternational.43.271</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Thomas B.G. State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness. ISIJ International. 2003, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 271–291. http://doi.org//10.2355/isijinternational.43.271</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao K.-w., Zeng J.-h., Wang X.-h. Nonmetallic inclusion control of 350 km/h high speed rail steel // Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2009. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 20–26. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(09)60038-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao K.-w., Zeng J.-h., Wang X.-h. Nonmetallic inclusion control of 350 km/h high speed rail steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2009, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 20–26. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(09)60038-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fruehan R.J., Nassaralla C.L. Evaluation of new steelmaking technologies // McLean Symposium Proceedings, Iron &amp; Steel Society, Warrendale, 1998. P. 205–216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fruehan R.J., Nassaralla C.L. Evaluation of new steelmaking technologies. In: McLean Symposium Proceedings, Iron &amp; Steel Society, Warrendale, 1998, pp. 205–216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Thomas B.G. State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2006. Vol. 37. No. 5. Р. 733–761. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-006-0057-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Thomas B.G. State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2006, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 733–761. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-006-0057-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wijk O., Brabie V. The purity of ferrosilicon and its influence on inclusion cleanliness of steel // ISIJ International. 1996. No. 36. P. 132–135. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.suppl_s132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wijk O., Brabie V. The purity of ferrosilicon and its influence on inclusion cleanliness of steel. ISIJ International. 1996, no. 36, pp. 132–135. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.suppl_s132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steelmaking Data Sourcebook. N.Y.-Tokyo: Gordon&amp;Breach Science Publ., 1988. 325 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steelmaking Data Sourcebook. N.Y.-Tokyo: Gordon&amp;Breach Science Publ, 1988, 325 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Снитко Ю.П., Суровой Ю.Т., Лякишев Н.П. Соотношение между параметрами взаимодействия и атомными характеристиками компонентов // Доклады АН СССР. 1983. Т. 268. № 5. С. 1154‒1156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snitko Yu.P., Surovoi Yu.Т., Lyakishev N.P. Relationship between interaction parameters and atomic characteristics of components. Doklady AN SSSR. 1983, vol. 268, no. 5, pp. 1154–1156. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsnelson A.M., Dashevskiy V.Ya., Kashin V.I. Carbon activity in Fe-, Co-, Niand Mn-based melts at 1873 K // Steel Research. 1993. Vol. 64. P. 197‒202. http://doi.org/10.1002/srin.199301008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsnelson A.M., Dashevskiy V.Ya., Kashin V.I. Carbon activity in Fe-, Co-, Niand Mn-based melts at 1873 K. Steel Research. 1993, vol. 64, pp. 197–202. http://doi.org/10.1002/srin.199301008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sigworth G.K., Elliott J.F. The thermodynamics of liquid dilute iron alloys // Metal Science. 1974. Vol. 8. No. 9. P. 298‒308. https://doi.org/10.1179/msc.1974.8.1.298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sigworth G.K., Elliott J.F. The thermodynamics of liquid dilute iron alloys. Metal Science. 1974, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1179/msc.1974.8.1.298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Recommended Values for the Reaction in Steelmaking. 2nd ed., ed. by the 19 Committee (Ironmaking), Japan Soc. Promotion of Sci., Tokyo. 1984. 254 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Recommended Values for the Reaction in Steelmaking. 2nd ed., ed. by the 19 Committee (Ironmaking), Japan Soc. Promotion of Sci., Tokyo. 1984, 254 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
