<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2021-3-205-210</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2073</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термодинамическое моделирование восстановления железа и никеля из оксидных расплавов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermodynamic simulation of iron and nickel reduction from oxide melts</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-0834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вусихис</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vusikhis</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Семенович Вусихис, к.т.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории пирометаллургии цветных металлов620016, Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr S. Vusikhis, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Pyrometallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vas58@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-914X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонтьев</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leont’ev</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Леопольд Игоревич Леонтьев, академик, советник; д.т.н., профессор; главный научный сотрудник</p><p>620016, Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4</p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинский пр., 32а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leopol’d I. Leont’ev, Academician, Adviser;  Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof.; Chief Researcher</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016</p><p>4 Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119049</p><p>32a Leninskii Ave., Moscow 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селиванов</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Selivanov</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Николаевич Селиванов, д.т.н., заведующий лабораторией пирометаллургии цветных металлов</p><p>620016, Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii N. Selivanov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Laboratory of Pyrometallurgyof Non-Ferrous Metals</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Владимировна Сергеева, к.т.н., старший научныйсотрудник лаборатории пирометаллургии цветных металлов</p><p>620016, Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Sergeeva, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of the Laboratoryof Pyrometallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-0462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюшняков</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyushnyakov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Станислав Николаевич Тюшняков, к.т.н., старший научныйсотрудник лаборатории пирометаллургии цветных металлов</p><p>620016, Екатеринбург, ул. Амундсена, 101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav N. Tyushnyakov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher of theLaboratory of Pyrometallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</p><p>101 Amundsena Str., Yekaterinburg 620016</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Metallurgy, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Президиум РАН; Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС»; Институт металлургии УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Sciences; National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”; Institute of Metallurgy, UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии УрО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Metallurgy,&#13;
UB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>210</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вусихис А.С., Леонтьев Л.И., Селиванов Е.Н., Сергеева С.В., Тюшняков С.Н., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вусихис А.С., Леонтьев Л.И., Селиванов Е.Н., Сергеева С.В., Тюшняков С.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vusikhis A.S., Leont’ev L.I., Selivanov E.N., Sergeeva S.V., Tyushnyakov S.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2073">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2073</self-uri><abstract><p>Значимость исследований по восстановлению металлов из оксидных расплавов связана, в первую очередь, с пирометаллургической переработкой руд черных и цветных металлов. Так основной задачей в ходе переработки окисленных никелевых руд является повышение извлечения ценных металлов при требуемом (10 – 20 %) содержании никеля в ферроникеле и минимальном количестве примесей. С помощью методов термодинамического моделирования дана оценка показателям, достигаемым при восстановлении железа и никеля из оксидного расплава. Проведено две серии расчетов. В первой серии состав рабочего тела меняли по количеству оксидов железа и никеля при соотношении СFeО /СNiО, равном 10. Во второй серии при содержании СNiО , равном 1,8 %, варьировали СFeО для соотношений СFeО / СNiО от 10 до 20. Дозированное повышение количества СО в рабочем теле позволило проследить изменение составов оксидного (СМеО ) и металлического (СМе ) расплавов, а также степеней перехода никеля (φNi ) и железа (φFe ) в металлическое состояние. Корреляционные зависимости СNiO , φNi = f (C0 , VCO ) представлены в виде полиномов второй степени. Показатели φNi и φFe меняются с количеством введенного восстановителя, но мало зависят от состава исходной конденсированной фазы. На состав формируемого сплава Fe – Ni влияют содержания элементов в исходном расплаве и количество введенного восстановителя. Для сплавов характерно высокое (65 – 90 %) содержание никеля. Значение φNi около 98 % достигнуто при количестве введенного СО около 80 м3 на 1 т расплава. При этом степень восстановления железа не превышает 5 %. При соотношении СFeО / СNiО , равном 10, содержание никеля в сплаве практически не зависит от содержания его оксида в исходном рудном расплаве и близко к 65 %. Увеличение СFeО / СNiО с 10 до 20 приводит к изменению СNi соответственно от 68,5 до 52,9 %. Полученные данные значимы для обоснования технологии переработки низкокачественных окисленных никелевых руд с выделением ферроникеля требуемого состава.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The significance of research on recovery of metals from oxide melts is primarily associated with pyrometallurgical processing of ferrous and non- ferrous metals. The main task during the processing of oxidized nickel ores is to increase the extraction of valuable metals with the required (10 – 20 %) nickel content in ferronickel and a minimum amount of impurities. The indicators achieved during the reduction of iron and nickel from oxide melt were evaluated by the thermodynamic simulation methods. Two series of calculations were carried out. In the first series, the working medium composition was changed by the amount of iron and nickel oxides at a СFeО / СNiО ratio equal to 10. In the second series, at a СNiО content equal to 1.8 %, СFeО value for СFeО / СNiО ratios was varied from 10 to 20. A dosed increase of CO amount in the working medium made it possible to trace the changes in compositions of oxide (СМеО ) and metal (СМе ) melts, as well as the transition degrees of nickel (φNi) and iron (φFe) to the metal state. The СNiO , φNi = f (C0 , VCO ) correlation dependences are presented in form of the second-degree polynomials. The φNi and φFe indicators are changed with amount of introduced reducing agent, but it depends little on the initial condensed phase composition. The composition of the formed Fe – Ni alloy is affected by the content of elements in the initial melt and amount of the introduced reducing agent. Alloys are characterized by the high (65 – 90 %) nickel content. The φNi value of about 98 % was achieved with the amount of introduced CO of about 80 m3 per ton of melt. In this case, the degree of iron reduction was no more than 5 %. When the СFeО / СNiО ratio is 10, the nickel content in the alloy is practically independent of the content of its oxide in the initial ore melt and is close to 65 %. An increase in the СFeО / СNiО ratio from 10 to 20 leads to the change in СNi from 68.5 to 52.9 %, respectively. The data obtained are significant for substantiation of the technology for processing low-quality oxidized nickel ores with the release of the required ferronickel composition.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>термодинамика</kwd><kwd>восстановление</kwd><kwd>никель</kwd><kwd>железо</kwd><kwd>содержание</kwd><kwd>расплав</kwd><kwd>никелевая руда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermodynamics</kwd><kwd>reduction</kwd><kwd>nickel</kwd><kwd>iron</kwd><kwd>content</kwd><kwd>melt</kwd><kwd>nickel ore</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена по государственному заданию ИМЕТ УрО РАН.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пирометаллургическая переработка комплексных руд / Л.И. Леонтьев, Н.А. Ватолин, С.В. Шаврин, Н.С. Шумаков. М.: Металлургия, 1997. 432 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leont’ev L.I., Vatolin N.A., Shavrin S.V., Shumakov N.S. Pyrometallurgical Processing of Complex Ores. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1997, 432 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бугельский Ю.Ю., Витовская И.В., Никитина А.П. Экзогенные рудообразующие системы коры выветривания. М.: Наука, 1990. 244 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bugel’skii Yu.Yu., Vitovskaya I.V., Nikitina A.P. Exogenous OreForming Systems of Weathering Crust. Moscow: Nauka, 1990, 244 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Булах А.Г., Кривовичев В.Г., Золотарев А.А. Общая минералогия. М.: Академия, 2008. 416 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulakh A.G. Krivovichev V.G., Zolotarev A.A. General Mineralogy. Moscow: Akademiya, 2008, 416 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Селиванов Е.Н., Сергеева С.В., Удоева Л.Ю., Панкратов А.А. Распределение никеля по фазовым составляющим окисленной никелевой руды Серовского месторождения // Обогащение руд. 2011. № 5. С. 46–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selivanov E.N., Sergeeva S.V., Udoeva L.Yu., Pankratov A.A. Distribution of nickel by phase components of oxidized nickel ore of the Serovskoye deposit. Obogashchenie rud. 2011, no. 5, pp. 46–50. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорокин Е.М., Астахова Ю.М., Быстров И.Г., Иванова М.В. и др. Минералого-технологические особенности железных руд Серовского месторождения // Вестник Института геологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения РАН. 2015. № 1. С. 18–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokin E.M., Astakhova Yu.M., Bystrov I.G., Ivanova M.V., etc. Mineralogical and technological features of iron ores of the Serovskoye deposit. Vestnik Instituta geologii Komi nauchnogo tsentra Ural’skogo otdeleniya RAN. 2015, no. 1, pp. 18–23. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пахомов Р.А., Старых Р.В. Предварительное восстановление окисленных никелевых руд // Металлы. 2014. № 6. С. 3–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pakhomov R.A., Starykh R.V. Preliminary reduction of oxidized nickel ores. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2014, vol. 2014, no. 11, pp. 853–860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selivanov E.N., Sergeeva S.V. Prospects for the ferronickel production development from the Urals oxidized nickel ores // KnE Materials Science. 2019. Vol. 5. No. 1. Р. 77–91. http://doi.org/10.18502/kms.v5i1.3954</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selivanov E.N., Sergeeva S.V. Prospects for the ferronickel production development from the Urals oxidized nickel ores. KnE Materials Science. 2019, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 77–91. http://doi.org/10.18502/kms.v5i1.3954</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J., Hayes P.C. Mechanisms and kinetics of reduction of solid NiO in CO/CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO/Ar gas mixtures // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2019. Vol. 50B. P. 2623–2635. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01662-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen J., Hayes P.C. Mechanisms and kinetics of reduction of solid NiO in CO/CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO/Ar gas mixtures. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2019, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 2623–2635. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01662-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antola O., Holappa L., Paschen P. Nickel ore reduction by hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing gases // Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 1995. Vol. 15. No. 1–4. P. 169–179. http://doi.org/10.1080/08827509508914195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antola O., Holappa L., Paschen P. Nickel ore reduction by hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing gases. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 1995, vol. 15, no. 1-4, pp. 169–179. http://doi.org/10.1080/08827509508914195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu M., Liu X., Guo E., Chen P., Yuan Q. Novel process of ferronickel nugget production from nickel laterite by semi-molten state reduction // ISIJ International. 2014. Vol. 54. No. 8. P. 1749–1754. http://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu M., Liu X., Guo E., Chen P., Yuan Q. Novel process of ferronickel nugget production from nickel laterite by semi-molten state reduction. ISIJ International. 2014, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1749–1754. http://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Sun T., Chen C., Hu T. Current studies of treating processes for nickel laterite ores // 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017). P. 139–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Sun T., Chen C., Hu T. Current studies of treating processes for nickel laterite ores. In: 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017), pp. 139–152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliott R., Pickles C.A., Forster J. Thermodynamic of the reduction roasting of nickeliferous laterite ore // Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 4. P. 320–346. http://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2016.46028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliott R., Pickles C.A., Forster J. Thermodynamics of the reduction roasting of nickeliferous laterite ores. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2016, vol. 4, pp. 320–346. http://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2016.46028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pickles C.A., Forster J., Elliott R. Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore // Minerals Engineering. 2014. Vol. 65. P. 33–40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pickles C.A., Forster J., Elliott R. Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore. Minerals Engineering. 2014, vol. 65, pp. 33–40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhamdhani M., Hayes P., Jak E. Nickel laterite. Part 2 – Thermodynamic analysis of phase transformations occurring during reduction roasting // Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2009. Vol. 118. P. 146–155. http://doi.org/10.1179/174328509X431409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhamdhani M.A., Hayes, P.C., Jak E. Nickel laterite. Part 2 – Thermodynamic analysis of phase transformations occurring during reduction roasting. Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2009, vol. 118, pp. 146–155. http://doi.org/10.1179/174328509X431409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luoma R. A thermodynamic analysis of the system Fe–Ni–O // CALPHAD. 1995. Vol. 19. No. 3. P. 279–295. http://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(95)00026-B</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luoma R. A thermodynamic analysis of the system Fe – Ni – O. CALPHAD. 1995, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 279–295. http://doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(95)00026-B</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen S., Guo S., Jiang L., Xu Y., Ding W. Thermodynamic of selective reduction of laterite ore by reducing gases // Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 2015. Vol. 25. No. 9. P. 3133−3138. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63943-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen S., Guo S., Jiang L., Xu Y., Ding W. Thermodynamic of selective reduction of laterite ore by reducing gases. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition). 2015, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 3133−3138. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63943-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prostakova V., Chen J., Jak E., Decterov S.A. Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling of the MgO–NiO–SiO2 system // Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 2013. Vol. 62. P. 43–55. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2013.02.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prostakova V., Chen J., Jak E., Decterov S.A. Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling of the MgO–NiO–SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; system. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 2013, vol. 62, pp. 43–55. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2013.02.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prostakova V., Chen J., Jak E., Decterov S.A. Experimental study and thermodynamic optimization of the CaO–NiO, MgO–NiO and NiO–SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; systems // CALPHAD. 2012. Vol. 37. P. 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2011.12.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prostakova V., Chen J., Jak E., Decterov S.A. Experimental study and thermodynamic optimization of the CaO–NiO, MgO–NiO and NiO–SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; systems. CALPHAD. 2012, vol. 37, pp. 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2011.12.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vusikhis A.S., Dmitriev A.N., Kudinov D.Z., Leontiev L.I. The study of liquid and gas phases interaction during the reduction of metal oxides from the melts by gas reductant in bubbled layer // Third Int. Conf. on Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Materials Technologies (MMT-2004), Ariel, Israel, 2004. Р. 1_72–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vusikhis A.S., Dmitriev A.N., Kudinov D.Z., Leontiev L.I. The study of liquid and gas phases interaction during the reduction of metal oxides from the melts by gas reductant in bubbled layer. In: Third Int. Conf. on Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Materials Technologies (MMT-2004), Ariel, Israel, 2004, pp. 1_72-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dmitriev A., Leontiev L., Vusikhis A., Kudinov D. Liquid and gas interactio during reduction in bubbled layer // Proc. of European Metallurgical Conf. Emc2005, 18-21 September, 2005, Dresden, Germany. Vol. 3. P. 1349–1358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dmitriev A., Leontiev L, Vusikhis A., Kudinov D. Liquid and gas interactio during reduction in bubbled layer. In: Proc. of European Metallurgical Conf. Emc2005, 18-21 September, 2005, Dresden, Germany, vol. 3, pp. 1349–1358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
