<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2021-2-129-134</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2063</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Повышение функциональных свойств сплавов электронно-пучковой обработкой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Increase of alloys functional properties by electronic beam processing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-5504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Федорович Иванов, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>634055, Томск, пр. Академический, 2/3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurii F. Ivanov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., Chief Researcher</p><p>2/3 Akademicheskii ave., Tomsk 634055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yufi55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-5343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктор Евгеньевич Громов, д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Новокузнецк, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor E. Gromov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>42 Kirova str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-8949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загуляев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagulyaev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Валерьевич Загуляев, к.т.н., доцент кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. профессора В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Новокузнецк, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii V. Zagulyaev, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Prof. of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>42 Kirova str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zagulyaev_dv@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-8660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Валерьевич Коновалов, д.т.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой технологии металлов и авиационного материаловедения</p><p>443086, Самара, Московское шоссе, 34</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei V. Konovalov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Head of the Chair of Metals Technology and Aviation Materials</p><p>34 Moskovskoe route, Samara 443086</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksv@ssau.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-1427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубанникова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubannikova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Андреевна Рубанникова, магистрант кафедры материаловедения, литейного и сварочного производства</p><p>654007, Новокузнецк, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya A. Rubannikova, MA Student of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>42 Kirova str., Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass 654007</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rubannikova96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High Current Electronics, SB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara National Research University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Ю.Ф., Громов В.Е., Загуляев Д.В., Коновалов С.В., Рубанникова Ю.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.Ф., Громов В.Е., Загуляев Д.В., Коновалов С.В., Рубанникова Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov Y.F., Gromov V.E., Zagulyaev D.V., Konovalov S.V., Rubannikova Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2063">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2063</self-uri><abstract><p>Выполнен обзор отечественных и зарубежных работ по применению интенсивных импульсных электронных пучков для поверхностной обработки металлов, сплавов, металлокерамических и керамических материалов. Отмечены преимущества использования электронных импульсных пучков по сравнению с лазерными лучами, потоками плазмы, ионными пучками. Проанализированы перспективные направления использования электронно-пучковой обработки: 1 – выглаживание поверхности, избавление от поверхностных микротрещин с одновременным изменением структурно-фазового состояния поверхностного слоя для создания высокопроизводительных технологий финишной обработки ответственных металлических изделий сложной формы из титанового сплава Ti-6Al-4V и титана, сталей различного класса, твердого сплава WC – 10 % Сo, алюминия; 2 – удаление микрозаусенцев, образующихся при изготовлении прецизионных пресс-форм (сталь SKD11) и биомедицинских изделий (сплав Ti-6Al-4V); 3 – финишная обработка поверхности пресс-форм и штампов; 4 – улучшение функциональных свойств металлических биоматериалов (нержавеющей стали, титана и его сплавов, сплавов на основе никелида титана с эффектом памяти формы, сплавов магния; 5 – обработка изделий медицинского назначения и имплантатов; 6 – формирование поверхностных сплавов для мощных электродинамических систем; 7 – улучшение характеристик лопаток авиационных двигателей и лопаток компрессоров; 8 – формирование термобарьерных покрытий, наносимых на поверхность камер сгорания. Показано, что при правильном выборе параметров процесса, таких как ускоряющее напряжение, плотность энергии пучка электронов, количество и длительность импульсов, возможен тщательный контроль и/или манипулирование характеристиками структурно-фазового состояния и свойств поверхности. Отмечено, что для улучшения свойств материала и увеличения длительности эксплуатации изделий из него важным фактором является модификация структуры с целью формирования субмикро- или наноразмерного зерна (или субзеренной структуры).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article considers a review of domestic and foreign works on the use of intense pulsed electron beams for surface treatment of metals, alloys, cermet and ceramic materials. The advantages of using electron pulsed beams over laser beams, plasma flows, and ion beams are noted. The promising directions of using electron-beam processing were analyzed and are as following: 1 – smoothing the surface, getting rid of surface microcracks, while simultaneously changing the structural-phase state of the surface layer, to create high-performance technologies for the finishing processing of critical metal products of complex shape made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and titanium; steels of various classes; hard alloy WC – 10 wt. % Сo; aluminum; 2 – removal of microbursts formed during the manufacture of precision molds (SKD11 steel) and biomedical products (Ti-6Al-4V alloy); 3 – finishing the surface of molds and dies; 4 – improvement of the functional properties of metallic biomaterials: stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, alloys based on titanium nickelide with shape memory effect, and magnesium alloys; 5 – processing of medical devices and implants; 6 – formation of the surface alloys for powerful electrodynamic systems; 7 – improvement of the characteristics of aircraft engine and compressor blades; 8 – formation of thermal barrier coatings applied to the surface of the combustion chambers. It is shown that with the correct choice of process parameters, such as accelerating voltage, energy density of electron beam, number of pulses, and pulse duration, it is possible to control carefully and/or manipulate the characteristics of structural-phase state and surface properties. In order to improve the properties of the material and the durability of the products made of it, an important factor is the structure modification to form a submicro-nanosized grain (or subgrain structure).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электронно-пучковая обработка</kwd><kwd>модификация поверхности</kwd><kwd>металлы</kwd><kwd>сплавы</kwd><kwd>стали</kwd><kwd>перспективы применения</kwd><kwd>наноразмерная структура</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electron beam treatment</kwd><kwd>surface modification</kwd><kwd>metals</kwd><kwd>alloys</kwd><kwd>steels</kwd><kwd>application prospects</kwd><kwd>nanoscale structure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Озур Г.Е., Проскуровский Д.И. Источники низкоэнергетических сильноточных электронных пучков с плазменным анодом / Под ред. Н.Н. Коваля. Новосибирск: Наука, 2018. 176 с. http://doi.org/10.15372/Sources2018OGE</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Ozur G.E., Proskurovskii D.I. Sources of Low-Energy HighCurrent Electron Beams with Plasma Anode. Koval’ N.N. ed. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2018, 176 p. (In Russ.). http://doi.org/10.15372/Sources2018OGE</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эволюция структуры поверхностного слоя стали, подвергнутой электронно-ионно-плазменным методам обработки / Под ред. Н.Н. Коваля, Ю.Ф. Иванова. Томск: Изд-во НТЛ, 2016. 304 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evolution of Surface Layer Structure of Steel Subjected to ElectronIon­Plasma Treatment. Koval’ N.N., Ivanov Yu.F. eds. Tomsk: Izdvo NTL, 2016, 304 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.Ф. Электронно-ионно-плазменная модификация поверхности цветных металлов и сплавов. Томск: Изд-во НТЛ, 2016. 308 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.F. Electron-Ion-Plasma Modification of Surface of NonFerrous Metals and Alloys. Tomsk: Izd-vo NTL, 2016, 308 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Vorobiev S.V., Konovalov S.V. Fatigue of Steels Modified by High Intensity Electron Beams. Cambridge Int. Science Publ., 2015. 272 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Vorobiev S.V., Konovalov S.V. Fatigue of Steels Modified by High Intensity Electron Beams. Cambridge Int. Science Publ., 2015. 272 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patent US7049539B2 US. Method for surface treating a die by electron beam irradiation and a die treated thereby / Uno Y., Okada A., Uemura K., Raharjo P. Publ. May 23, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patent US7049539B2 US. Method for surface treating a die by electron beam irradiation and a die treated thereby / Uno Y., Okada A., Uemura K., Raharjo P. Publ. May 23, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray J.W., Kinnell P.K., Cannon A.H., Bailey B., Clare A.T. Surface finishing of intricate metal mould structures by large-area electron beam irradiation // Precision Engineering. 2013. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 443–450. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2012.11.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray J.W., Kinnell P.K., Cannon A.H., Bailey B., Clare A.T. Surface finishing of intricate metal mould structures by large-area electron beam irradiation // Precision Engineering. 2013. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 443–450. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2012.11.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goriainov V., Cook R.B., Murray J.W., Walker J.C., Dunlop D.G., Clare A.T., Oreffo R.O.C. Human skeletal stem cell response to multiscale topography induced by large area electron beam irradiation surface treatment // Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2018. Vol. 6. Article 91. http://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goriainov V., Cook R.B., Murray J.W., Walker J.C., Dunlop D.G., Clare A.T., Oreffo R.O.C. Human skeletal stem cell response to multiscale topography induced by large area electron beam irradiation surface treatment // Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2018. Vol. 6. Article 91. http://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manufacturing Techniques for Materials. Engineering and Engineered. Srivatsan T.S., Sudarshan T.S., Manigandan K. eds. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, 2018. 814 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manufacturing Techniques for Materials. Engineering and Engineered. Srivatsan T.S., Sudarshan T.S., Manigandan K. eds. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, 2018. 814 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okada A., Uno Y., Yabushita N., Uemura K., Raharjo P. High efficient surface finishing of bio-titanium alloy by large-area electron beam irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2004. Vol. 149. No. 1-3. P. 506–511. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okada A., Uno Y., Yabushita N., Uemura K., Raharjo P. High efficient surface finishing of bio-titanium alloy by large-area electron beam irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2004. Vol. 149. No. 1-3. P. 506–511. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tokunaga J., Kojima T., Kinuta S., Wakabayashi K., Nakamura T., Yatani H., Sohmura T. Large-area electron beam irradiation for surface polishing of cast titanium // Dental Materials Journal. 2009. Vol. 28. No. 5. P. 571–577. http://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.28.571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokunaga J., Kojima T., Kinuta S., Wakabayashi K., Nakamura T., Yatani H., Sohmura T. Large-area electron beam irradiation for surface polishing of cast titanium // Dental Materials Journal. 2009. Vol. 28. No. 5. P. 571–577. http://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.28.571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uno Y., Okada A., Uemura K., Raharjo P., Sano S., Yu Z., Mishima S. A new polishing method of metal mold with large-area electron beam irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007. Vol. 187-188. P. 77–80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.080</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uno Y., Okada A., Uemura K., Raharjo P., Sano S., Yu Z., Mishima S. A new polishing method of metal mold with large-area electron beam irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007. Vol. 187-188. P. 77–80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okada A., Okamoto Y., Uno Y., Uemura K. Improvement of surface сharacteristics for long life of metal molds by large-area EB irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2014. Vol. 214. No. 8. P. 1740–1748. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.02.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okada A., Okamoto Y., Uno Y., Uemura K. Improvement of surface сharacteristics for long life of metal molds by large-area EB irradiation // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2014. Vol. 214. No. 8. P. 1740–1748. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.02.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okada A., Kitada R., Okamoto Y., Uno Y. Surface modification of cemented carbide by EB polishing // CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology. 2011. Vol. 60. No. 1. P. 575–578. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2011.03.107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okada A., Kitada R., Okamoto Y., Uno Y. Surface modification of cemented carbide by EB polishing // CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology. 2011. Vol. 60. No. 1. P. 575–578. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2011.03.107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinonaga T., Okada A., Liu H., Kimura M. Magnetic fixture for enhancement of smoothing effect by electron beam melting // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2018. Vol. 254. P. 229–237. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinonaga T., Okada A., Liu H., Kimura M. Magnetic fixture for enhancement of smoothing effect by electron beam melting // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2018. Vol. 254. P. 229–237. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okada A., Yonehara H., Okamoto Y. Fundamental study on microdeburring by large-area EB irradiation // Procedia CIRP. 2013. Vol. 5. P. 19–24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okada A., Yonehara H., Okamoto Y. Fundamental study on microdeburring by large-area EB irradiation // Procedia CIRP. 2013. Vol. 5. P. 19–24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K., Zou J., Grosdidier T., Dong C., Yang D. Improved pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel treated by high current pulsed electron beam // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006. Vol. 201. No. 3-4. P. 1393–1400. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K., Zou J., Grosdidier T., Dong C., Yang D. Improved pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel treated by high current pulsed electron beam // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006. Vol. 201. No. 3-4. P. 1393–1400. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ротштейн В.П., Гюнцель Р., Марков А.Б., Проскуровский Д.И., Фам М.Т, Рихтер Э., Шулов В.А. Поверхностная модификация титанового сплава низкоэнергетическим сильноточным электронным пучком при повышенных начальных температурах // Физика и химия обработки материалов. 2006. № 1. C. 62–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotshtein V.P., Gyuntsel’ R., Markov A.B., Proskurovskii D.I., Fam M.T, Rikhter E., Shulov V.A. Surface modification of a titanium alloy with low-energy high-current electron beam at elevated initial temperatures. Fizika i khimiya obrabotki materialov. 2006, vol. 1, pp. 62–72. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X.D., Hao S.Z., Li X.N., Dong C., Grosdidier T. Surface modification of pure titanium by pulsed electron beam // Applied Surface Science. 2011. Vol. 257. No. 13. P. 5899–5902. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X.D., Hao S.Z., Li X.N., Dong C., Grosdidier T. Surface modification of pure titanium by pulsed electron beam // Applied Surface Science. 2011. Vol. 257. No. 13. P. 5899–5902. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K.M., Yang D.Z., Zou J.X., Grosdidier T., Dong C. Improved in vitro corrosion resistance of a NiTi alloy by high current pulsed electron beam treatment // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006. Vol. 201. No. 6. P. 3096–3102. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K.M., Yang D.Z., Zou J.X., Grosdidier T., Dong C. Improved in vitro corrosion resistance of a NiTi alloy by high current pulsed electron beam treatment // Surface and Coatings Technology. 2006. Vol. 201. No. 6. P. 3096–3102. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M.C., Hao S.Z., Wen H., Huang R.F. Surface composite nanostructures of AZ91 magnesium alloy induced by high current pulsed electron beam treatment // Applied Surface Science. 2014. Vol. 303. P. 350–353. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M.C., Hao S.Z., Wen H., Huang R.F. Surface composite nanostructures of AZ91 magnesium alloy induced by high current pulsed electron beam treatment // Applied Surface Science. 2014. Vol. 303. P. 350–353. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uvarov A., Uemura K., Alexandrov S., Murayama H., Soba R. Molecular properties characterization of PTFE films deposited by Hot Wire CVD // Session report. 16 th Symposium on High Current Electronics and 10 th Conference on Materials Modification. Tomsk, September 19-24, 2010. Tomsk, 2010. P. 500–503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uvarov A., Uemura K., Alexandrov S., Murayama H., Soba R. Molecular properties characterization of PTFE films deposited by Hot Wire CVD // Session report. 16 th Symposium on High Current Electronics and 10 th Conference on Materials Modification. Tomsk, September 19-24, 2010. Tomsk, 2010. P. 500–503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batrakov A.V., Onischenko S.A., Kurkan I.K., Rostov V.V., Yakovlev E.V., Nefedtsev E.V., Tsygankov R.V. Comparative study of breakdown strength of vacuum insulation in gaps with electron-beam polished electrodes under pulsed DC and microwave electric fields // Proceedings of 28 th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum. 2018. Vol. 1. P. 77–80. http://doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2018.8537014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batrakov A.V., Onischenko S.A., Kurkan I.K., Rostov V.V., Yakovlev E.V., Nefedtsev E.V., Tsygankov R.V. Comparative study of breakdown strength of vacuum insulation in gaps with electron-beam polished electrodes under pulsed DC and microwave electric fields // Proceedings of 28 th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum. 2018. Vol. 1. P. 77–80. http://doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2018.8537014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proskurovsky D.I., Rotshtein V.P., Ozur G.E. Use of low-energy, high-current electron beams for surface treatment of materials // Surface and Coatings Technology. 1997. Vol. 96. No. 1. P. 117–122. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00093-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proskurovsky D.I., Rotshtein V.P., Ozur G.E. Use of low-energy, high-current electron beams for surface treatment of materials // Surface and Coatings Technology. 1997. Vol. 96. No. 1. P. 117–122. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00093-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai J., Lv P., Guan Q., Xu X., Lu J., Wang Z., Han Z. Thermal cycling bechavior of thermal barrier coatings with MCrAlY bond coat irradiated by high-current pulsed electron beam // ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2016. Vol. 47. No. 8. P. 32541–32556. http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai J., Lv P., Guan Q., Xu X., Lu J., Wang Z., Han Z. Thermal cycling bechavior of thermal barrier coatings with MCrAlY bond coat irradiated by high-current pulsed electron beam // ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2016. Vol. 47. No. 8. P. 32541–32556. http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.Ф., Громов В.Е., Гришунин В.А., Тересов А.Д., Коновалов С.В. Структура поверхностного слоя и усталостная долговечность рельсовой стали, облученной высокоинтенсивным электронным пучком // Физическая мезомеханика. 2013. Т. 16. № 2. С. 47–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.F., Gromov V.E., Grishunin V.A., Teresov A.D., K valov S.V. Surface layer structure and fatigue life of rail steel irradiated by a high-intensity electron beam. Physical Mesomechanics. 2013, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 47–53. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.Ф., Громов В.Е., Гришунин В.А., Коновалов С.В. Электронно-пучковая обработка рельсовой стали: фазовый состав, структура, усталостная долговечность // Вопросы материаловедения. 2013. Т. 73. № 1. С. 20–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.F., Gromov V.E., Grishunin V.A., Konovalov S.V. Rail steel treated by electron beam, its phase composition, structure, and fatigue life. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2013, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 20–30. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Гришунин В.А., Райков С.В., Коновалов С.В. Масштабные уровни структурно-фазовых состояний и усталостная долговечность рельсовой стали после электронно-пучковой обработки // Успехи физики металлов. 2013. Т. 14. № 1. С. 67–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Grishunin V.A., Raikov S.V., Konovalov S.V. Scale levels of the structure-phase states and fatigue life of rail steel after electron-beam treatment. Uspekhi fiziki metallov. 2013, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 67–80. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao B., Hu L., Li S.-W., Hao Y., Zhang Y.-D., Tu G.-F., Grosdidier T. Study on the nanostructure formation mechanism on the hypereutectic Al–17Si alloy induced by pulsed electron beam // Applied Surface Science. 2015. Vol. 346. P. 147–157. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao B., Hu L., Li S.-W., Hao Y., Zhang Y.-D., Tu G.-F., Grosdidier T. Study on the nanostructure formation mechanism on the hypereutectic Al–17Si alloy induced by pulsed electron beam // Applied Surface Science. 2015. Vol. 346. P. 147–157. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Глезер А.М., Коновалов С.В., Алсараева К.В. Эволюция структуры силумина, подвергнутого обработке высокоинтенсивным импульсным электронным пучком и последующему усталостному нагружению до разрушения // Известия РАН. Серия физическая. 2015. Т. 79. № 9. С. 1169–1172. http://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873815090087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">29. Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Glezer A.M., Konovalov S.V., Alsaraeva K.V. Structural evolution of silumin treated with a high intensity pulse electron beam and subsequent fatigue loading up to failure. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Physics. 2015, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1169–1172. http://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873815090087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.S., Lee W.J., Park H.W. The state of the art in the electron beam manufacturing processes // International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing. 2016. Vol. 17. No. 11. P. 1575–1585. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-016-0184-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J.S., Lee W.J., Park H.W. The state of the art in the electron beam manufacturing processes // International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing. 2016. Vol. 17. No. 11. P. 1575–1585. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-016-0184-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.Ф., Итин В.И., Лыков С.В., Марков А.Б., Ротштейн В.П., Тухфатуллин А.А., Дикий Н.П. Структурный анализ зоны термического влияния стали 45, обработанной низкоэнергетическим сильноточным электронным пучком // Физика металлов и металловедение. 1993. Т. 75. № 5. С. 103–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.F., Itin V.I., Lykov S.V., Markov A.B., Rotshtein V.P., Tukhfatullin A.A., Dikii N.P. Structural analysis of heat-affected zone of steel 45 treated by low-energy high-current electron beam. Fizika metallov i metallovedenie. 1993, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 103–112. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марков А.Б., Ротштейн В.П. Расчет и экспериментальное определение размеров зон упрочнения и отпуска в закаленной стали У7А, облученной импульсным электронным пучком // Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования. 1998. № 4. С.83–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markov A.B., Rotshtein V.P. Calculation and experimental d mination of size of hardening and tempering zones in hardened U7A steel irradiated with a pulsed electron beam. Poverkhnost’. Rentgenovskie, sinkhrotronnye i neitronnye issledovaniya. 1998, vol. 4, pp. 83–89. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Structure and Properties of Metals at Different Energy Effects and Treatment Technologies. Klimenov V.A., Starenchenko V.A. eds. Switzerland: Trans. Tech. Publications Ltd., 2014. 324 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Structure and Properties of Metals at Different Energy Effects and Treatment Technologies. Klimenov V.A., Starenchenko V.A. eds. Switzerland: Trans. Tech. Publications Ltd., 2014. 324 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov Yu.F., Zagulyaev D.V., Nevskii S.A., Gromov V.Е., Sarychev V.D., Semin A.P. Microstructure and properties of hypoeutectic silumin treated by high-current pulsed electron beams // Progress in Physics of Metals. 2019. Vol. 20. No. 3. P. 451–490. http://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.20.03.447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.F., Zagulyaev D.V., Nevskii S.A., Gromov V.Е., Sarychev V.D., Semin A.P. Microstructure and properties of hypoeutectic silumin treated by high-current pulsed electron beams // Progress in Physics of Metals. 2019. Vol. 20. No. 3. P. 451–490. http://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.20.03.447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
