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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2020-10-842-847</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-2000</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Химические реакции при восстановлении железа из оксидов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chemical reactions during iron reduction from oxides</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердников</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdnikov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>454018, Россия, Челябинск, ул. Косарева 63, офис 486</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor, Senior Researcher</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berdnikov-chel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудим</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudim</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор</p><p>454080, Россия, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО Промышленная компания «Технология металлов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC Industrial Company “Technology of Metals”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>842–847</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бердников В.И., Гудим Ю.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бердников В.И., Гудим Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Berdnikov V.I., Gudim Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2000">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/2000</self-uri><abstract><p>Химический процесс, сопровождающийся восстановлением железа из гематита, моделировался посредством компьютерного программного комплекса Терра (продукт МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана). В роли восстановителей принимали углерод, водород и метан. Варьируя расход восстановителей и температуру процесса, определяли равновесные концентрации компонентов системы. Изменение этих концентраций на границах отдельных температурных областей расценивалось как результат прохождения в них соответствующих химических реакций. В то же время было отмечено, что реакции нонвариантного типа начинаются и заканчиваются при одних и тех же фиксированных температурах. Расчеты показали, что преобразование Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 во всех случаях было термодинамически возможно при температурах, превышающих 65 °С. Следовательно, при рабочих температурах печи оно будет реализовано без осложнений. Вторая стадия восстановления также проходила по единой схеме Fe3O4 → Fe, минуя участие в ней оксида FeO. Температура начала восстановления железа компонентами С, Н2 и СН4 составила соответственно 680, 350 и 520 °С. При этом имело место только прямое восстановление железа указанными компонентами. Попытка зафиксировать факт косвенного восстановления, используя в качестве восстановителя оксид углерода, оказалась безуспешной даже при его большом расходе. Оксид углерода разлагался при низких температурах по реакции Белла-Будуара. Поэтому железо восстанавливалось посредством «сажистого» углерода, т. е. также прямым методом. В завершающей стадии углеродотермического процесса в зависимости от состава системы может произойти образование карбида железа при 720 °С с возможным последующим преобразованием его обратно в железо, а также вторичное окисление железа с образованием вюстита. Активное участие в этих реакциях принимает диоксид углерода. На основании результатов расчетов химических процессов при высоких температурах была дана численная оценка восстановительной (или окислительной) эффективности всех элементов и компонентов системы Fe – О – С – Н. Это позволило с высокой степенью достоверности прогнозировать фазовый состав продуктов реакций при максимальной температуре процесса (1500 °С).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The chemical process, accompanied by iron reduction from hematite, was modeled by computer program complex TERRA (product of MGTU im. N.E. Bauman). Carbon, hydrogen and methane were used as reducing agents. By varying the costs of reducing agents and process temperatures, equilibrium concentrations of the system components were determined. Change in these concentrations at the boundaries of individual temperature regions was regarded as a result of the passage of appropriate chemical reactions in them. At the same time, it was noted that the nonvariant type reactions begin and end at the same fixed temperatures. Calculations have shown that the conversion of Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 in all cases was thermodynamically possible at temperatures exceeding 65 °C. Therefore, at operating temperatures of the furnace it will be implemented without complications. The second stage of reduction also took place under a single scheme Fe3O4 → Fe, bypassing the participation of FeO oxide. The temperatures of beginning of iron reduction by components C, H2 and CH4 were respectively 680, 350 and 520 °C. In this case, there was only a direct reduction of iron by these components. An attempt to fix the fact of indirect reduction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent, was unsuccessful even with a large consumption of it. Carbon monoxide decomposed at low temperatures by the Bell-Boudoir reaction. Therefore, later iron was restored by means of “soot” carbon and that is also a direct method. In the final stage of the carbon thermal process, depending on the system composition, formation of iron carbide at 720 °C can occur with the possible subsequent conversion back to iron, as well as secondary oxidation of iron to form wustite. Carbon dioxide takes an active part in these reactions. Based on the results of calculations of chemical processes at high temperatures, a numerical assessment of the reducing (or oxidative) efficiency of all elements and components of the Fe – O – C – H system was given. This made it possible to predict with a high degree of reliability the phase composition of the reaction products at maximum process temperature (1500 °C).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>химическая реакция</kwd><kwd>восстановление железа</kwd><kwd>гематит</kwd><kwd>магнетит</kwd><kwd>оксид углерода</kwd><kwd>диоксид углерода</kwd><kwd>фазовая диаграмма</kwd><kwd>доменная печь</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chemical reaction</kwd><kwd>iron reduction</kwd><kwd>hematite</kwd><kwd>magnetite</kwd><kwd>carbon monoxide</kwd><kwd>carbon dioxide</kwd><kwd>phase diagram</kwd><kwd>blast furnace</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воскобойников В.Г., Кудрин В.А., Якушев А.М. Общая металлургия. – М.: ИКЦ Академкнига, 2005. – 768 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskoboinikov V.G., Kudrin V.A., Yakushev A.M. 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