<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2020-9-699-706</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1977</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модель формирования наноструктурных слоев при длительной эксплуатации рельсов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Model of nanostructural layers formation at long-term operation of rails</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарычев</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarychev</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sarychev_vd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Невский</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nevskii</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nevskiy_sa@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кормышев</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kormyshev</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., инженер кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Engineer of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">89239230000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yur’ev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., менеджер по управлению продуктами и ресурсами</p><p>654043, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, Космическое шоссе, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Manager of Product and Resource Management</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ant-yurev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл. – Кузбасс, Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-math.), Professor, Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «ЕВРАЗ Объединенный Западно-Сибирский металлургический комбинат»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “EVRAZ – Joint West Siberian Metallurgical Plant”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>699</fpage><lpage>706</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сарычев В.Д., Невский С.А., Кормышев В.Е., Юрьев А.А., Громов В.Е., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сарычев В.Д., Невский С.А., Кормышев В.Е., Юрьев А.А., Громов В.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sarychev V.D., Nevskii S.A., Kormyshev V.E., Yur’ev A.A., Gromov V.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1977">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1977</self-uri><abstract><p>Разработана математическая модель и предложен механизм формирования наноразмерных структурно-фазовых состояний на примере рельсовой стали при длительной эксплуатации. Считается, что при интенсивных пластических деформациях материал ведет себя подобно вязкой несжимаемой жидкости. Для учета скольжения колеса относительно рельса предлагается модель в виде двухслойной жидкости, верхний слой которой скользит с определенной скоростью относительно первой. В этом случае развивается неустойчивость Кельвина-Гельмгольца. Для каждого слоя записаны уравнения Навье-Стокса, кинематические и динамические граничные условия. Решение полученной системы в виде нормальных мод возмущений проведено исходя из предположения о вязко-потенциальном течении материала. В этом приближении считается, что эффекты вязкости имеют место только на границе раздела слоев. Выведено дисперсионное уравнение. Это уравнение проанализировано с помощью графического представления функций, входящих в аналитическое решение. Установлен диапазон характеристик материала и параметров внешнего воздействия (скорость движения слоя), при которых наблюдаются два максимума в зависимости скорости роста возмущений от волнового числа. Первый максимум (гидродинамический) обусловлен движением слоев относительно друг друга, второй связан с эффектами вязкости жидкости. Получены приближенные формулы зависимости скорости роста возмущений от волнового числа. Найдены условия для реализации только одного максимума. Вязкостно обусловленный максимум при скоростях скольжения порядка 1 м/с может находиться в наноразмерном диапазоне длин волн. Полагая, что белый слой в рельсах при длительной эксплуатации формируется главным образом из-за действия интенсивных пластических деформаций, считаем, что полученные результаты детализируют механизм формирования белых слоев в рельсах при длительной эксплуатации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A mathematical model was developed and a mechanism was proposed for the formation of nanoscale structural-phase states on the example of rail steel at long-term operation. It was believed that during intense plastic deformations, the material behaves like a viscous incompressible fluid. In order to take into account the sliding of the wheel relative to the rail, a two-layer fluid model was proposed, the top layer of which slides at a certain speed relative to the first. In this case, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability develops. For each layer, we have written the Navier-Stokes equations and kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions. Solution of the obtained system in the form of normal perturbation modes was carried out on the basis of assumption of the viscous-potential material flow. In this approximation, it was believed that viscosity effects occur only at the layer interface. A dispersion equation was derived, which was analyzed using a graphical representation of the functions included in the analytical solution. A range of characteristics of the material and parameters of the external influence (the velocity of the layer) was established, at which two peaks are observed in dependence of disturbances growth rate on the wave number. The first (hydrodynamic) maximum is due to the motion of the layers relative to each other; the second is associated with the effects of fluid viscosity. Approximate formulas were obtained for dependence of the growth rate of perturbations on the wave number. Conditions for realization of only one maximum were found. The viscously determined maximum at slip velocities of the order of 1 m/s can be in the nanoscale wavelength range. Assuming that the white layer in the rails during long-term operation is formed mainly due to the action of intense plastic deformations, we believe that the obtained results detail the mechanism of white layers formation in the rails in this case.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>рельсовая сталь</kwd><kwd>белый слой</kwd><kwd>длительная эксплуатация</kwd><kwd>неустойчивость Кельвина-Гельмгольца</kwd><kwd>скорость роста</kwd><kwd>вязкость</kwd><kwd>скорость скольжения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>rail steel</kwd><kwd>white layer</kwd><kwd>long-term operation</kwd><kwd>Kelvin-Helmholtz instability</kwd><kwd>growth rate</kwd><kwd>viscosity</kwd><kwd>sliding speed</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ 19-32-60001 Перспектива.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was financially supported by the grant of RFBR No. 19-32-60001 Perspektiva.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эволюция структурно-фазовых состояний металла рельсов при длительной эксплуатации / В.Е. Громов, О.А. Перегудов, Ю.Ф. Иванов, С.В. Коновалов, А.А. Юрьев. – Новокузнецк: ИЦ СибГИУ; Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2017. – 164 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Peregudov O.A., Ivanov Yu.F., Konovalov S.V., Yur’ev A.A. Evolyutsiya strukturno-fazovykh sostoyanii metalla rel’sov pri dlitel’noi ekspluatatsii [Evolution of structural-phase states of rails metal during long-term operation]. Novokuznetsk: ITs SibGIU; Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN, 2017, 164 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanisenko Yu., Fecht H.J. Microstructure modification in the surface layers of railway rails and wheels // Steel Tech. 2008. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 19 – 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanisenko Yu., Fecht H.J. Microstructure modification in the surface layers of railway rails and wheels. Steel Tech. 2008, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanisenko Yu., MacLaren I., Sauvage X., Valiev R.Z., Fecht H.J. Shear-induced α → γ transformation in nanoscale Fe-C composite // Acta Materialia. 2006. Vol. 54. No. 6. P. 1659 – 1669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanisenko Yu., MacLaren I., Sauvage X., Valiev R.Z., Fecht H.J. Shear-induced α → γ transformation in nanoscale Fe–C composite. Acta Materialia. 2006, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1659–1669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ning Jiang-li, Courtois-Manara E., Kormanaeva L., Ganeev A.V., Valiev R.Z., Kubel C., Ivanisenko Yu. Tensile properties and work hardening behaviors of ultrafine grained carbon steel and pure iron processed by warm high pressure torsion // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2013. Vol. 581. P. 81 – 89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ning Jiang-li, Courtois-Manara E., Kormanaeva L., Ganeev A.V., Valiev R.Z., Kubel C., Ivanisenko Yu. Tensile properties and work hardening behaviors of ultrafine grained carbon steel and pure iron processed by warm high pressure torsion. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2013, vol. 581, pp. 81–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumann G., Fecht H.J., Liebelt S. Formation of white-etching layers on rail treads // Wear. 1996. Vol. 191. No. 1-2. P. 133 – 140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumann G., Fecht H.J., Liebelt S. Formation of white-etching layers on rail treads. Wear. 1996, vol. 191, no. 1-2, pp. 133–140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Österle Rooch H., Pyzalla A., Wang L.W. Investigation of white etching layers on rails by optical microscopy, electronmicroscopy, X-ray and synchrotron X-ray diffraction // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2001. Vol. 303. P. 150 – 157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Österle Rooch H., Pyzalla A., Wang L.W. Investigation of white etching layers on rails by optical microscopy, electronmicroscopy, X-ray and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2001, vol. 303, pp. 150–157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wild E., Wang L., Hasse B., Wroblewski T., Goerigk G., Pyzalla A. Microstructure alterations at the surface of a heavily corrugated rail with strong ripple formation // Wear. 2003. Vol. 254. No. 9. P. 876 – 883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wild E., Wang L., Hasse B., Wroblewski T., Goerigk G., Pyzalla A. Microstructure alterations at the surface of a heavily corrugated rail with strong ripple formation. Wear. 2003, vol. 254, no. 9, pp. 876–883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H.W., Ohsaki S., Mitao S., Ohnuma M., Hono K. Microstructural investigation of white etching layer on pearlite steel rail // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2006. Vol. 421. P. 191 – 199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H.W., Ohsaki S., Mitao S., Ohnuma M., Hono K. Microstructural investigation of white etching layer on pearlite steel rail. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2006, vol. 421, pp. 191–199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi J., Kawakami K., Ueda, M. Atom probe tomography analysis of the white etching layer in a rail track surface // Acta Materialia. 2010. Vol. 58. No. 10. P. 3602 – 3612.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahashi J., Kawakami K., Ueda M. Atom probe tomography analysis of the white etching layer in a rail track surface. Acta Materialia. 2010, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 3602–3612.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lojkowski W., Djahanbakhsh M., Bürkle G., Gierlotka S., Zielinski W., Fecht H.J. Nanostructure formation on the surface of railway tracks // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2001. Vol. 303. No. 1-2. P. 197 – 208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lojkowski W., Djahanbakhsh M., Bürkle G., Gierlotka S., Zielinski W., Fecht H.J. Nanostructure formation on the surface of railway tracks. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2001, vol. 303, no. 1-2, pp. 197–208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishida M. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects of rails in Japanese railways and its mitigation strategies // Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 2013. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 67 – 74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishida M. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects of rails in Japanese railways and its mitigation strategies. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 2013, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 67–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steenbergen M., Dollevoet R. On the mechanism of squat formation on train rails – Part I: Origination // International Journal of Fatigue. 2013. Vol. 47. P. 361 – 372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steenbergen M., Dollevoet R. On the mechanism of squat formation on train rails – Part I: Origination. International Journal of Fatigue. 2013, vol. 47, pp. 361–372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pal S., Valente C., Daniel W., Farjoo M. Metallurgical and physical understanding of rail squat initiation and propagation // Wear. 2012. Vol. 284-285. P. 30 – 42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pal S., Valente C., Daniel W., Farjoo M. Metallurgical and physical understanding of rail squat initiation and propagation. Wear. 2012, vol. 284-285, pp. 30–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton P. Tribological aspects of wheel-rail contact: A review of recent experimental research // Wear. 1996. Vol. 191. P. 170 – 183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton P. Tribological aspects of wheel-rail contact: A review of recent experimental research. Wear. 1996, vol. 191, pp. 170–183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Pyzalla A., Stadlbauer W., Werner E.A. Microstructure features on rolling surfaces of railway rails subjected to heavy loading // Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2003. Vol. 359. No. 1-2. P. 31 – 43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Pyzalla A., Stadlbauer W., Werner E.A. Microstructure features on rolling surfaces of railway rails subjected to heavy loading. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2003, vol. 359, no. 1-2, pp. 31–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глезер А.М. О природе сверхвысокой пластической (мегапластической) деформации // Известия РАН. Серия физическая. 2007. Т. 71. № 12. C. 1767 – 1776.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glezer A.M. On the nature of ultrahigh plastic (Megaplastic) strain. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 2007, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1722–1730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мулюков Р.Р., Назаров А.А., Имаев Р.М. Деформационные методы наноструктурирования материалов: предпосылки, история, настоящее и перспективы // Изв. вуз. Физика. 2008. Т. 51. № 5. С. 47 – 59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulyukov R.R., Nazarov A.A., Imaev R.M. Deformation methods of materials nanostructuring: prerequisites, history, present situation and prospects. Izv. vuz. Fizika. 2008, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 47–59. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Yuriev A.A., Peregudov O.A., Konovalov S.V., Ivanov Y.F., Glezer A.M., Semin A.P. Physical nature of surface structure degradation in long term operated ralls // Key Engineering Materials, AIP Conference Proceeding. 2017. No. 1909. P. 020066-1 – 020066-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Yuriev A.A., Peregudov O.A., Konovalov S.V., Ivanov Y.F., Glezer A.M., Semin A.P. Physical nature of surface structure degradation in long term operated rails. Key Engineering Materials, AIP Conference Proceedings. 2017, no. 1909, pp. 020066-1–020066-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Yuriev A.A., Ivanov Yu.F., Glezer A.M., Konovalov S.V., Semin A.P. , Sundeev R.V. Defect substructure change in 100-m differentially hardened rails in long-term operation // Materials Letters. 2017. Vol. 209. P. 224 – 227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Yuriev A.A., Ivanov Yu.F., Glezer A.M., Konovalov S.V., Semin A.P., Sundeev R.V. Defect substructure change in 100-m differentially hardened rails in long-term operation. Materials Letters. 2017, vol. 209, pp. 224–227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юрьев А.А., Громов В.Е., Морозов К.В., Перегудов О.А. Изменение структуры и фазового состава поверхности 100-метровых дифференцированно закаленных рельсов при длительной эксплуатации // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2017. Т. 60. №. 10. С. 826 – 830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.A., Gromov V.E., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A. Changes in structure and phase composition of the surface of differentially hardened 100-meter rails in operation. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2017, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 826–830. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zerbst U., Schodel M., Heyder R. Damage tolerance investigation on rails // Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2009. Vol. 76. No. 17. P. 2637 – 2653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zerbst U., Schodel M., Heyder R. Damage tolerance investigation on rails. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2009, vol. 76, no. 17, pp. 2637–2653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zerbst U., Lunden R., Edel K.-O., Smith R.A. Introduction to the damage tolerance behavior on railway rails – A review // Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2009. Vol. 76. No. 17. P. 2563 – 2601.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zerbst U., Lunden R., Edel K.-O., Smith R.A. Introduction to the damage tolerance behavior on railway rails – A review. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2009, vol. 76, no. 17, pp. 2563–2601.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рубцов В.Е., Тарасов С.Ю., Колубаев А.В. Одномерная модель неоднородного сдвига при трении скольжения // Физическая мезомеханика. 2012. Т. 15. № 4. C. 103 – 108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubtsov V.E., Tarasov S.Yu., Kolubaev A.V. One-dimensional model of inhomogeneous shear in sliding. Physical Mesomechanics. 2012, vol. 15, no. 5-6, pp. 337-341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарасов С.Ю., Рубцов В.Е., Колубаев А.В., Горбатенко В.В. Анализ микроскопических полей деформации при трении скольжении // Изв. вуз. Физика. 2013. Т. 56. № 7-2. С. 350 – 355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasov S.Yu., Rubtsov V.E., Kolubaev A.V., Gorbatenko V.V. Analysis of microscopic strain fields at sliding friction. Izv. vuz. Fizika. 2013, vol. 56, no. 7-2, pp. 350–355. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рубцов В.Е., Тарасов С.Ю., Колубаев А.В. Неоднородность деформации и сдвиговая неустойчивость материала при трении // Изв. вуз. Физика. 2011. № 11-3. С. 215 – 220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubtsov V.E., Tarasov S.Yu., Kolubaev A.V. Deformation inhomogeneity and shear instability of material during friction. Izv. vuz. Fizika. 2011, no. 11-3, pp. 215–220. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сарычев В.Д., Ващук Е.С., Будовских Е.А., Громов В.Е. Образование наноразмерных структур в металлах при воздействии импульсных плазменных струй электрического взрыва // Письма в журнал технической физики. 2010. Т. 36. № 14. С. 41 – 48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarychev V.D., Vashchuk E.S., Budovskikh E.A., Gromov V.E. Nanosized structure formation in metals under the action of pulsed electric-explosion-induced plasma jets. Technical Physics Letters. 2010, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 656-659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грановский А.Ю., Сарычев В.Д., Громов В.Е. Модель формирования внутренних нанослоев при сдвиговых течениях материалов // Журнал технической физики. 2013. Т. 83. № 10. С. 155 – 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granovskii A.Yu., Sarychev V.D., Gromov V.E. Model of formation of inner nanolayers in shear flows of material. Technical Physics. 2013, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1544-1547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сарычев В.Д., Невский С.А., Громов В.Е. Модель образования наноструктур в рельсовой стали при интенсивной пластической деформации // Деформация и разрушение материалов. 2016. № 6. С. 25 – 29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarychev V.D., Nevskii S.A., Gromov V.E. Model of nanostructures formation in rail steel under intense plastic deformation. Deformatsiya i razrushenie materialov. 2016, no. 6, pp. 25–29. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarychev V.D., Nevskii S.A., Sarycheva E.V., Konovalov S.V., Gromov V.E. Viscous flow analysis of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability for short waves // AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016. Vol. 1783. No. 1. Article 020198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarychev V.D., Nevskii S.A., Sarycheva E.V., Konovalov S.V., Gromov V.E. Viscous flow analysis of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability for short waves. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016, vol. 1783, no. 1, article 020198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Funada T., Joseph D.D. Viscous potential flow analysis of KelvinHelmholtz instability in a channel // Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2001. Vol. 445. P. 263 – 283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funada T., Joseph D.D. Viscous potential flow analysis of KelvinHelmholtz instability in a channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2001, vol. 445, pp. 263–283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Tankin R.S. On the temporal instability of a two-dimensional viscous liquid sheet // Journal of Fluid Mechanics.1991. Vol. 226. P. 425 – 443.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Tankin R.S. On the temporal instability of a two-dimensional viscous liquid sheet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1991, vol. 226, pp. 425–443.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dasgupta D., Nath S., Bhanja D. A study on dual role of viscosity on the stability of a viscous planar liquid sheet surrounded by inviscid gas streams of equal velocities, and prediction of resulting droplet distribution using maximum entropy formulation // Physics of Fluids. 2019. Vol. 31. No. 7. Article 74103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dasgupta D., Nath S., Bhanja D. A study on dual role of viscosity on the stability of a viscous planar liquid sheet surrounded by inviscid gas streams of equal velocities, and prediction of resulting droplet distribution using maximum entropy formulation. Physics of Fluids. 2019, vol. 31, no. 7, article 74103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ширяева С.О., Григорьев А.И., Суханов С.А. О роли вязкости жидкости в реализации неустойчивости Кельвина-Гельмгольца // Электронная обработка материалов. 2013. Т. 49. № 5. С. 56 – 61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiryaeva S.O., Grigor’ev A.I., Sukhanov S.A. On the role of fluid viscosity in realization of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Elektronnaya obrabotka materialov. 2013, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 56–61. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
