<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-12-936-942</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1776</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследования неметаллических включений в рельсах из электросталей, легированных хромом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nonmetallic inclusions in rails made of electro-steel alloyed with chromium</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уманский</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Umanskii</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры металлургии черных металлов</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Ferrous Metallurgy</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">umanskii@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головатенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovatenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., директор по рельсовому производству</p><p>654043, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ш. Космическое, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Director of Rail Production</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Aleksey.Golovatenko@evraz.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симачев</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Simachev</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Обработка металлов давлением и металловедение. ЕВРАЗ ЗСМК»</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair “Metal Forming and Metal Science. JSC “EVRAZ ZSMK”</p><p>Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">simachev_as@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ЕВРАЗ Объединенный Западно-Сибирский металлургический комбинат</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “EVRAZ - Joint West Siberian Metallurgical Plant”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>936</fpage><lpage>942</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Уманский А.А., Головатенко А.В., Симачев А.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Уманский А.А., Головатенко А.В., Симачев А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Umanskii A.A., Golovatenko A.V., Simachev A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1776">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1776</self-uri><abstract><p>На основании металлографических (с помощью микроскопа OLYMPUS GX-51») и спектральных (с использованием спектрометра «ARL iSpark», метод «Spark-DAT») исследований определены вид, относительная концентрация и размеры наиболее характерных неметаллических включений по элементам (головка, шейка) железнодорожных рельсов из электростали марок Э76ХФ и Э90ХАФ. Установлено, что наибольшую относительную концентрацию имеют сульфиды марганца (MnS) – 30,8 – 43,4 ppm. При этом 60 – 100 % включений указанного типа имеют малые (менее 4 мкм) размеры. Это не позволяет их обнаружить при стандартном металлографическом анализе со 100-кратным увеличением. Выявленная высокая относительная концентрация сульфидных включений напрямую коррелирует с установленной положительной ликвацией по сере в рассматриваемых элементах рельса, составляющей до 40 %. Несмотря на высокую концентрацию сульфидов марганца их влияние на качество рельсов можно признать не опасным, с учетом их высокой пластичности при горячей деформации и установленного преобладания включений данного типа малого (менее 4 мкм) размера. Среди включений силикатного типа значимую концентрацию имеют включения SiO2 (3,4 – 14,9 ppm). Все выявленные включения этого типа имеют размер, не превышающий 4 мкм. Установлено, что концентрация сложных включений, имеющих в своем составе глинозем (Al2O3 – CaO – MgO, Al2O3– CaO – MgO – CaS, Al2O3– CaO, Al2O3– MgO), незначительна: суммарно не превышает 3,1 ppm и 1,6 ppm для отдельных видов. Концентрация корунда (Al2O3) также незначительна и не превышает 0,3 ppm. При этом преобладают глиноземистые включения малого (менее 4 мкм) размера. В связи с низкой (с учетом относительной концентрации и размеров включений) загрязненностью непластичными силикатными и глиноземистыми неметаллическими включениями их влияние на качество рельсов не является значимым. Это подтверждается отсутствием дефектов, выявленных при ультразвуковом контроле.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Type, relative concentration and size of most characteristic non-metallic inclusions for the elements of rails (head, web) from electro-steel of E79KhF and E90KhАF grades were determined on the basis of metallographic (with a microscope “OLYMPUS GX-51”) and spectral (using spectrometer “ARL iSpark” method “Spark-DAT”) analyses. It was found that the highest relative concentration of manganese sulfides (MnS) is 30.8 – 43.4 ppm. At the same time, 60 – 100 % of inclusions of this type are of small sizes (less than 4 μm), and it does not allow them to be detected using standard metallographic analysis with 100-fold magnification. The revealed high relative concentration of sulfide inclusions directly correlates with the established positive sulfur liquation in considered rail elements, which is up to 40 %. Despite the high concentration of manganese sulfides, their influence on the quality of rails can be considered not dangerous, taking into account their high ductility during hot deformation and the established prevalence of inclusions of this type with small size (less than 4 μm). Among inclusions of a silicate type, SiO2 inclusions (3.4 – 14.9 ppm) have a significant concentration. All detected inclusions of this type have a size not exceeding 4 μm. It was found that the concentration of complex inclusions containing alumina (Al2O3 – CaO – MgO, Al2O3 – CaO – MgO – CaS, Al2O3 – CaO, Al2O3 – MgO) is insignificant: in total it does not exceed 3.1 ppm and 1.6 ppm for individual types. The concentration of corundum (Al2O3) is also insignificant and does not exceed 0.3 ppm. In this case, alumina inclusions of small size (less than 6 μm) prevail. Due to the low contamination (taking into account the relative concentration and size of inclusions) with non-plastic silicate and alumina non-metallic inclusions, their influence on the quality of the rails was not significant. It is confirmed by the absence of defects detected during ultrasonic testing.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>железнодорожные рельсы</kwd><kwd>рельсовая сталь</kwd><kwd>легирование хромом</kwd><kwd>неметаллические включения</kwd><kwd>сульфиды</kwd><kwd>силикаты</kwd><kwd>пластичность</kwd><kwd>горячая деформация</kwd><kwd>ликвация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>railway rails</kwd><kwd>rail steel</kwd><kwd>chromium alloying</kwd><kwd>nonmetallic inclusions</kwd><kwd>sulfides</kwd><kwd>silicates</kwd><kwd>plasticity</kwd><kwd>hot deformation</kwd><kwd>liquation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в СибГИУ с использованием оборудования Центра коллективного пользования «Материаловедение» в рамках базовой части Государственного задания Минобрнауки РФ № 11.6365.2017/8.9.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed in SibGIU using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use “Materials Science” in frame of the State task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 11.6365.2017/8.9.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H., Liu C., Lin Q., Wang B., Liu X., Fang Q. Formation of plastic inclusions in U71Mnk high-speed heavy-rail steel refined by CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2019. Vol. 50. No. 1. P. 459 – 470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H., Liu C., Lin Q., Wang B., Liu X., Fang Q. Formation of plastic inclusions in U71Mnk high-speed heavy-rail steel refined by CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science. 2019, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 459–470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalisz D., Gerasin S., Bobrowski P., Zak P.L., Skowronek T. Computer simulation of microsegregation of sulphur and manganese and formation of MnS inclusions while casting rail steel // Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 2016. Vol. 61. No. 4. P. 1939 – 1944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalisz D., Gerasin S., Bobrowski P., Zak P.L., Skowronek T. Computer simulation of microsegregation of sulphur and manganese and formation of MnS inclusions while casting rail steel. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 2016, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1939–1944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao K.-w., Zeng J.-h., Wang X.-h. Nonmetallic inclusion control of 350 km/h high speed rail steel // Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2009. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 20 – 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao K.-w., Zeng J.-h., Wang X.-h. Nonmetallic inclusion control of 350 km/h high speed rail steel. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. 2009, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 20–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garber A.K., Arsenkin A.M., Grigorovich K.V., Shibaev S.S., Kushnarev A.V., Petrenko Yu.P. Analysis of various versions of the deoxidation of rail steel at OAO NTMK // Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2009. Vol. 2009. No. 7. P. 581 – 586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garber A.K., Arsenkin A.M., Grigorovich K.V., Shibaev S.S., Kushnarev A.V., Petrenko Yu.P. Analysis of various versions of the deoxidation of rail steel at OAO NTMK. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2009, vol. 2009, no. 7, pp. 581–586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорович К.В., Шибаев С.В. Влияние технологии выплавки на чистоту стали по неметаллическим включениям. – В кн.: Неметаллические включения в рельсовой стали: сб. науч. тр. – Екатеринбург: изд. УИМ, 2005. С. 74 – 86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorovich K.V., Shibaev S.V. Influence of smelting technology on steel purity by non-metallic inclusions. In: Nemetallicheskie vklyucheniya v rel’sovoi stali: sb. nauch. tr. [Non-metallic inclusions in rail steel: Coll. of sci. works]. Ekaterinburg: izd. UIM, 2005, pp. 74–86. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добужская А.Б., Смирнов Л.А., Мухранов Н.В., Фомичев М.С., Белокурова Е.В. Изучение состава неметаллических включений в рельсах // Сталь. 2015. № 5. С. 82 – 86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobuzhskaya A.B., Smirnov L.A., Mukhranov N.V., Fomichev M.S., Belokurova E.V. Composition of non-metallic inclusions in rails. Stal’. 2015, no. 5, pp. 82–86. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurʹev A.B., Godik L.A., Devyatkin Yu.D., Kozyrev N.A., Tokarev A.V. Reduction of rail steel by calcium carbonate // Steel in Translation. 2008. Vol. 38. No. 4. P. 312 – 314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.B., Godik L.A., Devyatkin Yu.D., Kozyrev N.A., Tokarev A.V. Reduction of rail steel by calcium carbonate. Steel in Translation. 2008, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 312–314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhua S.K., Ray A., Sen S.K., Prasad M.S., Mishra K.B., Jha S. Influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the mechanical properties of rail steel // Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2000. Vol. 9. No. 6. P. 700 – 709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhua S.K., Ray A., Sen S.K., Prasad M.S., Mishra K.B., Jha S. Influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the mechanical properties of rail steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2000, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 700–709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорович К.В., Арсенкин А.М., Трушникова А.С. Неметаллические включения: оценка и прогноз эксплуатационной стойкости рельсов. – В кн.: Неметаллические включения в рельсовой стали: сб. науч. тр. – Екатеринбург: изд. УИМ, 2005. С. 102 – 115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorovich K.V., Arsenkin A.M., Trushnikova A.S. Non-metallic inclusions: assessment and prediction of the operational stability of rails. In: Nemetallicheskie vklyucheniya v rel’sovoi stali: sb. nauch. tr. [Non-metallic inclusions in rail steel: Coll. of sci. works]. Ekaterinburg: izd. UIM, 2005, pp. 102–115. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добужская А.Б., Дерябин А.А., Семенков В.Е., Рейхарт В.А. Исследование состава и источников поступления неметаллических включений, вызывающих образование контактно-усталостных дефектов в рельсах производства нижнетагильского металлургического комбината // Черная металлургия. Бюл. инта «Черметинформация». 2006. № 10. С. 33 – 36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobuzhskaya A.B., Deryabin A.A., Semenkov V.E., Reikhart V.A. The study of the Composition and sources of non-metallic inclusions that cause the formation of contact-fatigue defects in the rails produced by Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant. Chernaya metallurgiya. Byul. in-ta “Chermetinformatsiya”. 2006, no. 10, pp. 33–36. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козырев Н.А. Основные направления развития производства рельсов низкотемпературной надежности // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2011. Т. 54. № 4. С. 31 – 34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozyrev N.A. Main development trends for low temperature operate reliability rails production. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2011, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 31–34. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юрьев А.Б., Годик Л.А., Нугуманов Р.Ф., Козырев Н.А., Корнева Л.В. Производство и качество рельсов из стали марки Э90АФ // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2009. Т. 52. № 8. С. 34 – 37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.B., Godik L.A., Nugumanov R.F., Kozyrev N.A., Korneva L.V. Production and quality of rails made of E90AF steel. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2009, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 34–37. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Godik L.A., Kozyrev N.A., Korneva L.V. Optimizing the oxygen content in rail steel // Steel in Translation. 2009. Vol. 39. No. 3. P. 240 – 242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godik L.A., Kozyrev N.A., Korneva L.V. Optimizing the oxygen content in rail steel. Steel in Translation. 2009, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 240–242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurʹev A.B., Godik L.A., Kozyrev N.A., Korneva L.V., Shcheglova A.B. 90AΦ STEEL RAIL // Steel in Translation. 2008. Vol. 38. No. 7. P. 589 – 591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.B., Godik L.A., Kozyrev N.A., Korneva L.V., Shcheglova A.B. 90AΦ steel rail. Steel in Translation. 2008, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 589–591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уманский А.А., Головатенко А.В., Темлянцев М.В., Дорофеев В.В. Экспериментальные исследования пластичности и сопротивления деформации хромистых рельсовых сталей // Черные металлы. 2019. № 6. С. 24 – 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umanskii A.A., Golovatenko A.V., Temlyantsev M.V., Dorofeev V.V. Experimental studies of ductility and deformation resistance of chromium rail steels. Chernye metally. 2019, no. 6, pp. 24–28. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уманский А.А., Головатенко А.В., Симачев А.С., Осколкова Т.Н., Дорофеев В.В. Экспериментальные исследования пластичности и сопротивления деформации хромистых рельсовых сталей // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2019. Т. 60. № 6. С. 452 – 460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umanskii A.A., Golovatenko A.V., Simachev A.S., Oskolkova T.N., Dorofeev V.V. Plasticity and deformation resistance of the alloyed rail steels in rolling temperature interval. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2019, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 452–460. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umansky A.A., Kozyrev N.A., Boykov D.V., Dumova L.V. Improvement of the extra-furnace rail steel processing on the “ladle-furnace” unit in order to increase the operational stability of railway rails // IOP Conference. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 411. No. 012078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umansky A.A., Kozyrev N.A., Boykov D.V., Dumova L.V. Improvement of the extra-furnace rail steel processing on the “ladlefurnace” unit in order to increase the operational stability of railway rails. IOP Conference. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018, vol. 411, no. 012078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козырев Н.А., Протопопов Е.В., Уманский А.А., Бойков Д.В. Совершенствование технологии раскисления и внепечной обработки рельсовой электростали с целью повышения качества рельсового проката // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2015. Т. 58. № 10. С. 721 – 727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozyrev N.A., Protopopov E.V., Umanskii A.A., Boikov D.V. Improved deoxidation technologies and secondary treatment of rail electric steel in order to improve the quality of railway rolling. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2015, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 721–727. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuss H., Lüngen S., Müller G. Comparison of spark OES methods for analysis of inclusions // Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002. Vol. 374. No. 11. P. 1242 – 1249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuss H., Lüngen S., Müller G. Comparison of spark OES methods for analysis of inclusions. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002, vol. 374, no. 11, pp. 1242–1249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuss H.M., Mittelstaedt H., Mueller G. Inclusion mapping and estimation of inclusion contents in ferrous materials by fast scanning laser-induced optical emission spectrometry // Anal. At. Spectrom. 2005. Vol. 20. No. 5. P. 730 – 735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuss H.M., Mittelstaedt H., Mueller G. Inclusion mapping and estimation of inclusion contents in ferrous materials by fast scanning laser-induced optical emission spectrometry. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2005, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 730–735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бокк Д.Н., Лабусов В.А., Зарубин И.А. Определение неметаллических включений в металлических сплавах методом атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с искровым возбуждением // Заводская лаборатория. 2015. Т. 81. № 1. C. 92 – 97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bokk D.N., Labusov V.A., Zarubin I.A. Determination of nonmetallic inclusions in metal alloys by atomic emission spectrometry with spark excitation. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. 2015, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 92–97. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
