<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-11-860-869</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1758</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термодинамические особенности модифицирования неметаллических включений кальцием в низкоуглеродистых сталях, раскисленных алюминием</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermodynamic features of the modifi cation of non-metallic inclusions by calcium in low-carbon steels deoxidized by aluminum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хорошилов</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khoroshilov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Генеральный директор</p><p>109428, Москва, Рязанский проспект, 8а, стр. 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">khoroshilovad@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорович</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorovich</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Член-корр. РАН, Доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры металлургии стали, новых производственных технологий и защиты металлов, зав. лабораторией диагностики материалов</p><p>119049, Москва, Ленинский пр., 4;  119991Москва, Ленинский пр., 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО "МВТ ИНЖИНИРИНГ"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “MVT INZhINIRING”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС»; &#13;
Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”; &#13;
Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>860</fpage><lpage>869</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хорошилов А.Д., Григорович К.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хорошилов А.Д., Григорович К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khoroshilov A.D., Grigorovich K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1758">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1758</self-uri><abstract><p>Низкоуглеродистые стали, раскисленные алюминием, являются основной группой производимых в России и мире конструкционных сталей, работающих в ключевых отраслях экономики – строительстве, автомобилестроении, добыче и транспортировке полезных ископаемых и др. Раскисление стального расплава алюминием приводит к образованию неметаллических включений, которые могут существенно влиять на качество проката и снизить технологичность производства из-за зарастания погружных разливочных стаканов, стаканов-дозаторов и шиберных затворов при непрерывной разливке. Так, при прочих равных условиях, только лишь в силу загрязненности стали неметаллическими включениями могут наблюдаться следующие отличия в технико-экономических показателях: отсортировка по дефектам поверхности, снижение выхода годных разлитых заготовок, увеличение скорости коррозионного износа, отсортировка по дефектам ультразвукового контроля и пр. В силу особенности формы, размеров и агрегатного состояния, неметаллические включения на основе продуктов раскисления стали алюминием трудно удаляются из расплава стали. Эффективный путь снижения загрязненности стали подобными включениями – модифицирование их состава до жидкого агрегатного состояния кальцием, что требует тщательной подготовки расплава шлака и металла. В статье подробно рассмотрены основные термодинамические особенности данного процесса. На примере IF-стали представлен расчет целевого диапазона содержания кальция для обеспечения модифицирования включений до жидкого состояния в зависимости от концентрации алюминия в расплаве стали. Рассчитаны предельные концентрации серы в расплаве металла в зависимости от содержания алюминия и кальция, обеспечивающие предотвращение образования тугоплавких сульфидных оболочек на оксидных неметаллических включениях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Low-carbon steels deoxidized by aluminum are the main group of structural steels produced in Russiaand all over the world. These steels work in key sectors of the economy – construction, automotive, mining and transportation of minerals, etc. The deoxidation of steel melt by aluminum leads to the formation of non-metallic inclusions, which can significantly aﬀect quality of rolled products and reduce the manufacturability of production due to overgrowth of submerged</p><p>nozzles during continuous casting. So, ceteris paribus, only due to contamination of steel with non-metallic inclusions, the following diﬀerences in technical and economic indicators can be observed: sorting by surface defects, reduced yield of cast slabs, increased corrosion wear rate, sorting by ultrasonic inspection defects, etc. Due to the particular shape, size and state of aggregation, non-metallic inclusions based on aluminum deoxidation products are diﬃcult to remove from the steel melt. An eﬀective way to reduce steel pollution by similar inclusions is modifying their composition to a liquid state of aggregation with calcium, which requires careful preparation of the molten slag and metal. The article describes in detail the main thermodynamic features of this process. On the example of IF-steel, we present calculation of the target range of calcium content to ensure the inclusion modification to a liquid state depending on aluminum concentration in the steel melt. The limiting sulfur concentrations in the metal melt are determined depending on aluminum and calcium contents, which ensure prevention of the formation of refractory sulfide shells on oxide non-metallic inclusions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неметаллические включения</kwd><kwd>низкоуглеродистые стали</kwd><kwd>IF-стали</kwd><kwd>дефекты поверхности</kwd><kwd>модифицирование кальцием</kwd><kwd>шлаковое модифицирование</kwd><kwd>дефект плена</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-metallic inclusions</kwd><kwd>low-carbon steels</kwd><kwd>IF-steels</kwd><kwd>surface defects</kwd><kwd>calcium modification</kwd><kwd>slag modification</kwd><kwd>sliver defect</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев А.И., Родионова И.Г., Хорошилов А.Д. и др. Анализ природы возникновения поверхностных дефектов холоднокатаного проката из IF-сталей // Электрометаллургия. 2012. № 7. С. 36 – 40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitsev A.I., Rodionova I.G., Khoroshilov A.D., Mezin F.I., Semernin G.V., Mishnev P.A., Zhironkin M.V., Bikin K.B. Analysis of surface defects occurrence in cold-rolled products from IF-steels. Elektrometallurgiya. 2012, no. 7, pp. 36–40. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алалыкин Н.В., Хорошилов А.Д. Совершенствование технологии выплавки и разливки IF-стали в условиях ПАО «ММК» // Сб. тр. XV Междунар. конгресса сталеплавильщиков. – Тула, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alalykin N.V., Khoroshilov A.D. Improving the technology of melting and casting of IF-steel in the conditions of PJSC MMK. In: XV Mezhdunarodnyi kongress staleplavil’shchikov, Tula, 2018. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев А.И., Родионова И.Г., Хорошилов А.Д. и др. Оптимизация сквозной технологии получения непрерывнолитых заготовок из IF-сталей – эффективный путь повышения качества поверхности холоднокатаного проката // Электрометаллургия. 2012. № 10. С. 36 – 42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitsev A.I., Rodionova I.G., Khoroshilov A.D., Mezin F.I., Semernin G.V., Mishnev P.A., Zhironkin M.V., Bikin K.B. Optimization of end-to-end technology for producing continuously cast billets from IF-steels as an eﬀective way to improve the surface quality of cold-rolled products. Elektrometallurgiya. 2012, no. 10, pp. 36–42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хорошилов А.Д., Зайцев А.И., Родионова И.Г. и др. Разработка эффективных способов снижения отсортировки по дефектам поверхности холоднокатаного проката из IF-сталей // Черная металлургия. Бюл. ин-та «Черметинформация». 2013. № 7. С. 38 – 41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khoroshilov A.D., Zaitsev A.I., Rodionova I.G., Yaburov S.I., Mezin F.I., Semernin G.V., Kazankov A.Yu. Development of effective ways to reduce the sorting by surface defects of cold-rolled products from IF-steels. Chernaya metallurgiya. Byul. in-ta “Chermetinformatsiya”. 2013, no. 7, pp. 38–41. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riyahimalayeri K., Ölund P., Selleby M. Eﬀect of vacuum degassing on non-metallic inclusions in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace // Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 2013. Vol. 40. P. 470 – 477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riyahimalayeri K., Ölund P., Selleby M. Eﬀect of vacuum degassing on non-metallic inclusions in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 2013, vol. 40, pp. 470–477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lind M. Mechanism and kinetics of transformation of aluminia inclusions in steel by calcium treatment: Doctoral Thesis. Helsinki University of Technology Publications in Materials Science and Engineering. – Helsinki, 2006. – 89 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lind M. Mechanism and kinetics of transformation of aluminia inclusions in steel by calcium treatment: Doctoral Thesis. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology Publications in Materials Science and Engineering 2006, 89 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsuhiro Sasi, Yoshimasa Mizukami. Mechanism of alumina adhesion to continuous caster nozzle with reoxidation of molten steel // ISIJ International. 2001. Vol. 41. No. 11. P. 1331 – 1339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsuhiro Sasi, Yoshimasa Mizukami. Mechanism of alumina adhesion to continuous caster nozzle with reoxidation of molten steel. ISIJ International. 2001, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1331–1339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шахпазов E.Х., Зайцев А.И., Шапошников Н.Г. и др. К проблеме физико-химического прогнозирования типа неметаллических включений. Комплексное раскисление стали алюминием и кальцием // Металлы. 2006. № 2. С. 2 – 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakhpazov E.Kh., Zaitsev A.I., Shaposhnikov N.G., Rodionova I.G., Rybkin N.A. Physicochemical prediction of the types of nonmetallic inclusions: Complex deoxidation of steel with alumnum and calcium. Russian Metallurgy (Metally). 2006, vol. 2006, no. 2, pp. 99–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lifeng Zhang, Brian G. Thomas. Inclusion investigation during clean steel production at Baosteel // ISS Tech 2003 (Conf. Proc.), Indianapolis, IN, USA, April. 27 – 30, 2003. ISS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 2003. Р. 141 – 156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lifeng Zhang, Brian G. Thomas. Inclusion investigation during clean steel production at Baosteel. ISS Tech. 2003 (Conf. Proc.), Indianapolis, IN, USA, April 27-30, 2003. ISS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 2003, pp. 141–156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holappa L., Hämäläinen M., Liukkonen M., Lind M. Thermodynamic examination on inclusion modification and precipitation from calcium treatment to solidified steel // Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 2003. Vol. 30. No. 2. P. 111 – 115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holappa L., Hämäläinen M., Liukkonen M., Lind M. Thermodynamic examination on inclusion modification and precipitation from calcium treatment to solidified steel. Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 2003, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 111–115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takashi Kimura, Hideaki Suito. Calcium deoxidation equilibrium in liquid iron // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Feb. 1994. Vol. 28B. P. 33 – 42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashi Kimura, Hideaki Suito. Calcium Deoxidation Equilibrium in Liquid Iron. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Feb. 1994, vol. 28B, pp. 33–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцев А.И., Могутнов Б.М., Шахпазов E.Х. Физическая химия металлургических расплавов. – М.: Интерконтакт Наука, 2008. – 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitsev A.I., Mogutnov B.M., Shakhpazov E.Kh. Fizicheskaya khimiya metallurgicheskikh rasplavov [Physical chemistry of metallurgical melts]. Moscow: Interkontakt Nauka, 2008, 352 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шорников С.И. Термодинамические свойства расплавов системы CaO – Al O // Электронный научно-информационный журнал «Вестник Отделения наук о Земле РАН». 2003. № 1(21). С. 1 – 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shornikov S.I. Thermodynamic properties of the melts of CaO– Al2O3 system. Elektronnyi nauchno-informatsionnyi zhurnal “Vestnik Otdeleniya nauk o Zemle RAN”. 2003, no. 1(21), pp. 1–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорян В.А., Стомахин А.Я., Уточкин Ю.И. и др. Физикохимические расчеты электросталеплавильных процессов. – М.: МИСиС, 2007. – 318 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryan V.A., Stomakhin A.Ya., Utochkin Yu.I., Ponomarenko A.G, Belyanchikov L.N., Kotel’nikov G.I., Ostrovskii O.I. Fiziko-khimicheskie raschety elektrostaleplavil’nykh protsessov [Physicochemical calculations of steelmaking processes]. Moscow: MISiS, 2007, 318 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Wen, Cao Jing, Wang Xin-hua. Investigation on non-metallic inclusions in LCAK steel produced by BOF-LF-FTSC production route // Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International. 2011. Vol. 18. No. 9. P. 6 – 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Wen’, CAO Jing’, Wang Xin-hua, Investigation on non-metallic inclusions in LCAK steel produced by BOF-LF-FTSC production route. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International. 2011, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 6–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye Guo-zhu, Par Jonsson, Thore Lund. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the modification of A12O3 inclusions // ISIJ Int. 1996. Vol. 36 (Supplement). P. 105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Guo-zhu, Par Jonsson, Thore Lund. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the modification of Al2O3 inclusions. ISIJ Int. 1996, no. 36  (Supplement), pp. 105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nita P.S., Butnariu I., Constantin N. The eﬃciency at industrial scale of a thermodynamic model for desulphurization of aluminium killed steels using slags in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 // Revista de Metalurgia. 2010. Vol. 46. No. 1. P. 5 – 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nita P.S., Butnariu I., Constantin N. The eﬃciency at industrial scale of a thermodynamic model for desulphurization of aluminium killed steels using slags in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 . Revista de Metalurgia. 2010, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 5–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Story S.R., Piccone T.J., Fruehan R.J., Potter M. Inclusion analysis to predict casting behavior // ISSTech. 2003 Conference, ISS of AIME, Indianapolis, USA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Story S.R., Piccone T.J., Fruehan R.J., Potter M. Inclusion analysis to predict casting behavior. ISSTech 2003 Conference, ISS of AIME, Indianapolis, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tundish technology for clean steel production // World Scientific Publishing. Available at URL: http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/6426.html, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tundish technology for clean steel production. World Scientific Publishing. Available at URL: http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/6426.html, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Björklund J. A study of slag-steel-inclusion interaction during ladle treatment. Licentiate thesis. School of Industrial Engineering and Management Division of Applied Process Metallurgy Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm, Sweden, 2006. – 28 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Björklund J. A study of slag-steel-inclusion interaction during ladle treatment. Licentiate thesis. School of Industrial Engineering and Management Division of Applied Process Metallurgy Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm, Sweden, 2006, 28 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
