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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-705-712</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1722</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАКЦИИ В ПРОЦЕССАХ ГАЗИФИКАЦИИ УГЛЕРОДА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN PROCESSES OF CARBON GASIFICATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердников</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdnikov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>454018, Россия, Челябинск, ул. Косарева 63, офис 486</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor, Senior Researcher</p><p>Chelyabinsk, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berdnikov-chel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудим</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudim</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор</p><p>454080, Россия, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor</p><p>Chelyabinsk, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО Промышленная компания «Технология металлов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC Industrial Company “Technology of Metals”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>705</fpage><lpage>712</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бердников В.И., Гудим Ю.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бердников В.И., Гудим Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Berdnikov V.I., Gudim Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1722">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1722</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведен термодинамический анализ процесса газификации углерода в присутствии влаги. Химический процесс отображался системой С – О – Н с соотношениями элементов в ней 1:1:2 и 1:2:2. Для отработки методики исследования и проверки полученных результатов использовали хорошо изученную ранее подсистему С – О. Исходный массив обрабатываемых данных был представлен рассчитанными по программе Терра содержаниями химических компонентов С, СО, СО2 , СН4 , Н2 и Н2О. Единая химическая реакция в системе С – О – Н отсутствует, поэтому полный рабочий диапазон температур 298 – 1400 К делили на три характерных области, и каждую из них анализировали отдельно. Сопоставляя численные значения содержаний компонентов на границах областей, определяли изменения их величин при переходе от одной области к другой. Эти величины были кратными стехиометрическим коэффициентам предполагаемых химических реакций. Таким образом, решалась проблема с установлением вида химических реакций. Но в двух областях из трех идентифицированные реакции имели комплексный характер, т. е. содержали более четырех компонентов. Поэтому выполнили разложение их по базису из трех более простых и характерных для этих областей реакций. В результате общее число разновидностей реакций сократилось до четырех: две основные реакции газификации углерода (С + 2Н2О = СО2 + 2Н2 , С + СО2 = 2СО) и две реакции образования и разложения метана (2С + 2Н2О = СН4 + СО2 , СН4 = С + 2Н2 ). Одновременно с этим, посредством балансовых коэффициентов β определялась доля каждой реакции в общем химическом процессе. Вид химических реакций дает нужную информацию о содержании компонентов системы лишь на границах областей. Количественную оценку химического процесса внутри областей можно получить путем определения температурной зависимости координат реакций от энергий Гиббса и давления – ξ(Т) = f [Δr G°(Т), Р]. Координаты реакций ξ в сочетании с балансовыми коэффициентами β позволяют вычислять не только содержания реагентов и продуктов реакций, но и условные температуры начала и окончания самих реакций. При этом никакие коэффициенты и параметры подгоночного характера в расчетах не использовались. Средняя абсолютная погрешность количественного описания результатов машинного моделирования системы С – О – Н менее 0,02 моля (в расчете на 1 моль углерода), а подсистемы С – О практически нулевая.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Thermodynamic analysis of carbon gasification process in the presence of moisture was carried out. The chemical process was displayed by the system C – O – H with the ratios of elements in it: 1:1:2 and 1:2: 2. To work out the methods of research and verification of the results, we used a well-studied subsystem C – O. The initial array of processed data was presented by the contents of chemical components C, CO, CO2 , CH4 , H2 and H2O calculated by TERRA program. There is no single chemical reaction in the C – O – H system, so the full operating temperature range of 298 – 1400 K was divided into three characteristic areas, and each of them was analyzed separately. By comparing the numerical values of the components contents at the regions’ boundaries, we determined changes in their values during the transition from one region to another. These values were multiples of stoichiometric coefficients of the expected chemical reactions. Thus, the problem with establishment of the chemical reactions’ type was solved. But two areas of three identified reactions were complex containing more than four components. Therefore, their decomposition was performed on the basis of three more simple and characteristic reactions for these areas. As a result, the total number of reaction varieties was reduced to four – two main reactions of carbon gasification (C + 2Н2О = CO2 + 2Н2, C + CO2 = 2СО) and two reactions of formation and decomposition of methane (2C + 2Н2О = CH4 + CO2 , CH4 = C + 2Н2 ). At the same time, the proportion of each reaction in the total chemical process was determined by the balance coefficients β.The type of chemical reactions provides the necessary information about content of the system components only at the regions’ boundaries. A quantitative assessment of the chemical process within the regions can be obtained by determining the temperature dependence of the reaction coordinates on Gibbs energy of the reactions and the pressure – ξ(Т) = f [ΔrG°(Т), Р]. The coordinates of reactions ξ in combination with the balance coefficients of reactions β allow us to calculate not only the content of reagents and reaction products at any moment of reactions, but also the conditional temperatures of the beginning and end of the reactions themselves. No coefficients and parameters of the fitting character were used in the calculations. The average absolute error of the quantitative description of the results of machine simulation of the system C – O – Н – is less than 0.02 mole (per 1 mole of carbon), and for the subsystem C – O it is almost zero. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>газификация углерода</kwd><kwd>термодинамическая система</kwd><kwd>химическая реакция</kwd><kwd>координата реакции</kwd><kwd>энергия Гиббса реакции</kwd><kwd>идентификация реакций</kwd><kwd>начало и окончание реакций</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon gasification</kwd><kwd>thermodynamic system</kwd><kwd>chemical reaction</kwd><kwd>reaction coordinate</kwd><kwd>Gibbs energy of reaction</kwd><kwd>identification of reactions</kwd><kwd>beginning and end of reactions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Donder Th., van Rysselbtrghe P. 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