<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-7-503-510</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1675</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАЛИ ОСОБОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SUPERDUTY STEEL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Высокоазотистые стали</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>High nitrogen steels</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рашев</surname><given-names>Ц. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rashev</surname><given-names>Ts. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор, вице-президент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Vice-President</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елисеев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eliseev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Director</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жекова</surname><given-names>Л. Ц.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhekova</surname><given-names>L. Ts.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kdlacky@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>вице-президент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vice-President</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>OOO «Исибичи»</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC Isibichi</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Пульсар»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “Pul’sar”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металловедения, сооружений и технологий Болгарской Академии Наук</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Science</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Павел Венков»</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC “Pavel Venkov”</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>503</fpage><lpage>510</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рашев Ц.В., Елисеев А.В., Жекова Л.Ц., Богев П.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц.В., Елисеев А.В., Жекова Л.Ц., Богев П.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rashev T.V., Eliseev A.V., Zhekova L.T., Bogev P.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1675">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1675</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье представлен краткий обзор по свойствам и технологии производства высокоазотистых сталей (ВАС), отличающихся рядом преимуществ перед традиционными сталями. Основные из них: до четырех раз выше предел текучести при уникальном сохранении остальных характеристик; уменьшение расхода или 100 %-ное исключение применения некоторых дорогих легирующих элементов, таких как Ni, Mo, Co, Wи др.; эффективное легирование нетрадиционными элементами (Ca, Zn, Pb и др). Рассмотрены основы технологии ВАС, зависимости свойств от содержания азота в сталях, обсуждены технологии получения феррито-перлитной, мартенситной и аустенитной стали, их свойства и возможности применения. Показано, что для феррито-перлитной стали легирование азотом в связи с  его большей растворимостью по сравнению с углеродом требует более точного соблюдения химического состава для исключения получения нерастворимых при термической обработке нитридов. Особенности мартенситных сталей связаны с возможностью образования нитридов и карбонитридов при отпуске. Влияние азота в этих сталях может быть связано с уменьшением размера нитридных частиц по сравнению с карбидными. Повышенная температура устойчивости нитридов и карбонитридов обеспечивает повышение механических и  физических свойств. В аустенитных сталях азот, благодаря сильной γ-образующей эквивалентности никелю, заменяет его в соотношении 1  кг азота  ≈  6  ‒ 39 кг Ni. В аустенитно-мартенситных сталях основную роль играет термический мартенсит, стабильный аустенит получается в процессе его старения при рабочих температурах. Приведены примеры эффективного использования ВАС в ответственных деталях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides a brief overview of the properties and production technology of high-nitrogen steels (HNS), which have several advantages over traditional ones. The main advantages are: up to four times higher yield strength with unique preservation of the remaining characteristics; reduction in consumption or a 100  % elimination of the use of some expensive alloying elements, such as Ni, Mo, Co, W, and others; effective alloying with unconventional elements (Ca, Zn, Pb, etc.). The basics of HNS technology, dependence of the properties on nitrogen content in steels, producing technologies for ferritic-pearlitic, martensitic and austenitic steel, their properties and applicability are discussed. Alloying with nitrogen for ferritic-pearlitic steel requires more precise adherence to the chemical composition in order to prevent the formation of insoluble nitrides during heat treatment (due to its greater solubility compared to carbon). Features of martensitic steels are associated with the possibility of formation of nitrides and carbonitrides during tempering. The possible effect of nitrogen in these steels may be as a decrease in the size of nitride particles as compared with carbide ones. Increased stability temperature of nitrides and carbonitrides provides increased mechanical and physical properties. In austenitic steels, nitrogen, due to the strong γ-forming equivalence to nickel, replaces it in a ratio of 1  kg of nitrogen  ≈  6  –  39  kg  Ni. In austenitic-martensitic steels, the main role is played by thermal martensite. Stable austenite is obtained in the process of its aging at operating temperatures. Examples of effective use of HNS in important details are described.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высокоазотистые стали</kwd><kwd>металлургия под давлением</kwd><kwd>азотистый аустенит</kwd><kwd>азотистый мартенсит</kwd><kwd>метод большой сталеплавильной ванны</kwd><kwd>метод компрессионного электрошлакового переплава</kwd><kwd>метод плазменно-дугового переплава под давлением</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>high-nitrogen steels</kwd><kwd>metallurgy under pressure</kwd><kwd>nitrogenous austenite</kwd><kwd>nitrogenous martensite</kwd><kwd>method of large steel-smelting bath</kwd><kwd>compression electroslagremelting method</kwd><kwd>method of plasmaarc remelting under pressure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц. Высокоазотистые стали. Металургия под давлением. – София: Изд-во Болгарской АН, 1995. – 268 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts. High Nitrogen Steels. Metallurgy under Pressure: Monograph. Soﬁa: Bulg. Acad. Sci., 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц. Добиване на легирани стомани. – София: Изд-во Болгарской АН, 1978. – 246 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V. Dobivane na legirani stomani: monograﬁya (Production of Alloyed Steel: Monograph). Soﬁa: Bulg. Acad. Sci., 1978. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц.В., Рашева И., Димитров Л. П. и др. Инструментальные стали. – София: Техника, 1990. – 224 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V., Rasheva I., Dimitrov L. P. etc. Instrumental’nye stali [Tool steels]. Soﬁya: Tekhnika, 1990, 224 p. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц. Производство легированной стали. – М.: Металлургия, 1981. – 258 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V. Proizvodstvo legirovannoi stali [Production of alloyed steel]. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1981, 246 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mudali K., Baldev R. HNS and stainless steels: Int. Monograph. Narosa, New Delhi, India, 2004. Р. 266 – 269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mudali K., Baldev R. HNS and stainless steels. In: Int. Monograph. Narosa, New Delhi, India, 2004, pp. 266–269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц.В., Жекова Л.Ц., Богев П.В.О развитии металлургии под давлением // Изв. вуз. Черная металлургия. 2017. № 1. C. 60 – 66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V., Zhekova L.Ts., Bogev P.V. Development of metallurgy under pressure. Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy. 2017, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 60–66. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лакомский В.И. Плазменно-дуговой переплав. – Киев: Техника, 1974. – 336 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakomskii V.I. Plazmenno-dugovoi pereplav [Plasma-arc remelting]. Kiev: Tekhnika, 1974, 336 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holzgruber W. Process technology for HNS. Austrian Patent No. 333 327, S12. 1974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holzgruber W. Process technology for HNS. Austrian Patent no. 333 327, S12. 1974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stein G., Menzel H., Dörr H. Industrial manufacture of massively nitrogen-alloyed steels // High Nitrogen Steels: Proceedings of HNS 88. The institute of metals. 1989. P. 32 – 38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stein G., Menzel H., Dörr H. Industrial manufacture of massively nitrogen-alloyed steels. In: High Nitrogen Steels: Proceedings of HNS 88. The institute of metals. 1989, pp. 32–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavriljuk V.G., Berns H. High nitrogen steels: Monodraph. – Berlin: Springer, 1999. – 378 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavriljuk V.G., Berns H. High nitrogen steels: Monograph. Berlin: Springer, 1999, 378 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">INCTECO Company. Available at URL: http://inteco.at/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">INCTECO Company. Available at URL: http://inteco.at</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev C., Rashev Ts. Chromium-manganese stainless steels with nitrogen content up to 2.10 wt % // Materials Science Forum. 1999. Vols. 318 – 320. P. 255 – 258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev C., Rashev Ts. Chromium-manganese stainless steels with nitrogen content up to 2.10 wt %. Materials Science Forum. 1999, vols. 318–320, pp. 255–258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sieverts A.Z. Die absorption von stickstoﬀ durch eisen // Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 1931. Bd. A155. S. 299 – 313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sieverts A.Z. Die Absorption von Stickstoﬀ durch Eisen. Zeitschr. Phys. Chem. 1931, Bd. A155, S. 299–313. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rašev Z., Ivanov R. Die Stickstoﬄöslichkeit in Eisen‐Chrom‐ Mangan‐Schmelzen bei 1600°C und Gasdrücken bis zu 25 bar // Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen. 1979. Vol. 50. No. 9. P. 369 – 371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rašev Z., Ivanov R. Die Stickstoﬄöslichkeit in Eisen‐Chrom‐Mangan‐Schmelzen bei 1600 °C und Gasdrücken bis zu 25 bar. Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen. 1979, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 369–371. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц.В., Иванов Р.И., Саръиванов Л. Установка для определения растворимости азота в жидких металлах под давлением методом взвешенной капли // Заводская лаборатория. 1978. № 7. С. 28 – 29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V., Ivanov R.I., Sar”ivanov L. Installation for determining the nitrogen solubility in liquid metals under pressure by the method of suspended droplet. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. 1978, no. 7, pp. 28–29. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц.В., Иванов Р.И., Саръиванов Л. И. др. Исследование разтворимости азота в нержавеющих безникилевых сталях в условиях метода БСВ // Материалознание и технология. 1978. № 6. С. 3 – 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V., Ivanov R.I., Sar”ivanov L., Andreev Ch., Andreev N. Investigation of nitrogen solubility in stainless non-nickel steels by the of large steel-smelting bath. Materialoznanie i tekhnologiya. 1978, no. 6, pp. 3–8. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rashev Z., Rasheva I., Saraiwanov L. Phisikalisch-chemische Untersuchungsmethode zur Erforschung des Systems “Metall-Schlacke-Gas” unter erhöhtem Gasdruck // Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen. 1982. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 1 – 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Z., Rasheva I., Saraiwanov L. Phisikalisch-chemische Untersuchungsmethode zur Erforschung des Systems “Metall-Schlacke-Gas” unter erhöhtem Gasdruck. Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen. 1982, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–4. (In Germ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS‘88, Proceeding of the 1st Int. Conference, Lille, France. Foct J., Henry H. eds. Institute of Metal, 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’88, Proceeding of the 1st Int. Conference, Lille, France. Foct J., Henry H. eds. Institute of Metal, 1988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’89, Proceeding of the 2nd Int. Conference, Soﬁa, Bulgaria. Rashev Ts., Andreev Ch. eds. 1990. Vols. I, II.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’ 89, Proceeding of the 2nd Int. Conference, Soﬁa, Bulgaria. Rashev Ts., Andreev Ch. eds., 1990, vols. I, II.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’90, Proceeding of the 3rd Int. Conference, Germany. Stahl und Eissen. 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’90, Proceeding of the 3rd Int. Conference, Germany. Stahl und Eissen. 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’93, Proceeding of the 4th Int. Conference, Kiev, Ukraine. Gavriljuk V.G. ed. 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’93, Proceeding of the 4th Int. Conference, Kiev, Ukraine. Gavriljuk V.G. ed., 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Special Issue on High Nitrogen Steels, HNS‘95 // ISIJ International Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.1996. Vol. 36. No. 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Special Issue on High Nitrogen Steels, HNS’95. ISIJ International Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. 1996, vol. 36, no. 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’98, Proceeding of the 5th Int. Conference, Held in Espoo, Finland, may 27 – 28, 1998, Stocholm, Sweeden, may 27 – 28, 1998. Hanninen H. ed. Trans Tech. Publication LTD., 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’98, Proceeding of the 5th Int. Conference, Espoo, Finland, may 27-28, 1998, Stocholm, Sweeden, may 27-28, 1998. Hanninen H. ed. Trans Tech. Publication LTD., 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2002, Proceeding of the 6th Int. Conference, Madras, India. Trans. Indian Institute Met., Part A, B. 2002. Vol. 55. No. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2002, Proceeding of the 6th Int. Conference, Madras, India. Trans. Indian Institute Met., Part A, B, vol. 55, no. 4, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2003, Proceeding of the Conference, Zurich, Swissland. Speidel M.O. ed. Institute of Metallurgy, ETH, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2003, Proceeding of the Conference, Zurich, Swissland. Speidel M.O. ed. Institute of Metallurgy, ETH, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2004, Proceeding of the 7th Int. Conference, Ostend, Belgium. Akdut N., Foct J. eds. GRIPS media, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2004, Proceeding of the 7th Int. Conference, Ostend, Belgium. Akdut N., Foct J. eds. GRIPS media, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2006, Proceeding of the Conference, Beijing, China. Dong H., Speidel M.O. eds. Beijing, Metallurgical Industries Press, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2006, Proceeding of the Conference, Beijing, China. Dong H., Speidel M.O. eds. Beijing, Metallurgical Industries Press, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2009, Proceeding of the 8th Int. Conference, Moscow, Russia. Swiazyn A.G. ed. Moscow, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2009, Proceeding of the 8th Int. Conference, Moscow, Russia. Swiazyn A.G. ed. Moscow, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2012, Proceeding of the Conference, Madras, India. Mudali K., Baldev R. eds., 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2012, Proceeding of the Conference, Madras, India. Mudali K., Baldev R. eds., 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HNS’2014, Proceeding of the Int. Conference, Germany. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HNS’2014, Proceeding of the Int. Conference, Germany. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parshorov I., Stojchev T. In: HNS’89, Varna, Bulgaria. 1989. Vol. I. P. 109 – 114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parshorov I., Stojchev T. In: HNS’89, Varna, Bulgaria. 1989, vol. I, pp. 109–114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumin V.V., Chimid G., Rashev Ts., Saryivanov L.The neotronspectrocopy of the strong CrN-N interactions in Nitrogen Stainless Steels // Materials Science Forum. 1999. Vol. 318 – 320. P. 31 – 40. Trans. Tech. Publication, Switzerland.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumin V.V., Chimid G., Rashev Ts., Saryivanov L.The neotronspectrocopy of the strong CrN-N interactions in Nitrogen Stainless Steels. Materials Science Forum. 1999, vol. 318–320, pp. 31–40. Trans. Tech. Publication, Switzerland.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каменова Ц., Банов Р. Структура азотистого аустенита // Болгарский журнал физика.1982. Т. 9. № 1. С. 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamenova Ts., Banov R. Structure of nitrous austenite. Bolg. zhurnal ﬁzika. 1982, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavriljuk V.G. In: HNS’89, Varna, Bulgaria. 1989. Vol. 1. P. 36 – 40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavriljuk V.G. In: HNS’89,Varna, Bulgaria. 1989, vol. 1, pp. 36–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nickel-free corrosion steel. Certiﬁcate of authorship no. 78777 Bulgaria; publ. 06.03.1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nickel-free corrosion steel. Certiﬁcate of authorship no. 78777 Bulgaria; publ. 06.03.1987. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. с. 29204 Болгария. Рашев Ц., Андреев Ч., Манчев М. Неръждаема стомана; опубл. 05.03.1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts., Andreev Ch., Manchev M. Ner”zhdaema stomana [Stainless steel]. Certiﬁcate of authorship no. 29204 Bolgariya; publ. 05.03.1979. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. с. 82366 Болгария. Быстрорежущая сталь / Ц. Рашев, И. Рашева, Л. Благоев и др.; опубл. 25.12.1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts., Rasheva I., Blagoev L. etc. Bystrorezhushchaya stal’ [Rapid steel]. Certiﬁcate of authorship no. 82366 Bolgariya; publ. 25.12.1987. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рашев Ц., Каменова Ц. и др. Анализ неметаллических включений в Cr-Mn сталях с повышенным содержанием азота // Техническа мисъл.1978. Т.15. С. 103 – 110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts., Kamenova Ts. etc. Analysis of nonmetallic inclusions in Cr-Mn steels with high nitrogen content. Tekhnicheska mis”l. 1978, vol. 15, pp. 103–110. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банов Р., Пършоров П., Каменова Ц. Модель релаксации в аустенитных сталях, легированных азотом // Известия АН СССР. Сер. Металлы. 1978. № 3. С. 178 – 182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banov R., P”rshorov P., Kamenova Ts. Model of relaxation in austenitic steels alloyed by nitrogen. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Ser. Metally. 1978, no. 3, pp. 178–182. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. с. 18721 Болгария. Корозионноустойчивая сталь / И. Димов, Ц. Рашев, Р. Иванов, Ч. Андреев; опубл. 11.04.1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimov I., Rashev Ts., Ivanov R., Andreev Ch. Korozionnoustoichivaya stal’ [Corrosion resistant steel]. Certiﬁcate of authorship no. 18721 Bolgariya; publ. 11.04.1973. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pat. 411930 Bulgaria. Dimov I., Rashev Tz. Corrosion resistant steel; publ. 11.04.1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimov I., Rashev Tz. Corrosion resistant steel. Patent no. 411930 Bulgaria; publ. 11.04.1973. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Speidel M.O. Properties of high nitrogen steels // HNS’ 90, Germany. Stahl und Eisen.1990. Р. 128 – 131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Speidel M.O. Properties of high nitrogen steels. In: HNS’ 90, Germany. Stahl und Eisen, 1990, pp. 128–131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uggowitzer P.J., Speidel M.O. Ultrahigh-strength austenitic steels // HNS’ 90, Germany. Stahl und Eisen. 1990. P. 156 – 160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uggowitzer P.J., Speidel M.O. Ultrahigh-strength austenitic steels. In: HNS’ 90 Germany. Stahl und Eisen, 1990, pp. 156–160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menzel J., Dahlmann P., Stein G. Manufacturing of N-alloyed Steels in a 20t PESR Furnace // HNS 88, Lille, France. 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menzel J., Dahlmann P., Stein G. Manufacturing of N-alloyed Steels in a 20t PESR Furnace. In: HNS 88, Lille, France. 1988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Немировский Ю.Р., Хадыев М.С., Филиппов М.А. и др. Структура стали Х21Al3 и процессы фазовых превращений при неполной закалке высокоазотистых Fe-Cr сталей // Физика Металлов и Металловедение. 2002. Т. 93. № 5. С. 484 – 488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemirovskii Yu.R., Khadyev M.S., Filippov M.A., Belozerova T.A., Blinov V.M., Kostina M.V., Dymov A.V. Structure of the Kh21A13 steel and phase transformations upon incomplete quenching of high-nitrogen Fe-Cr steels. Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2002, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 484–488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han Dong, Yuping Lang. The recent progress of product technologies of HNS in China // HNS 2006, Beijing, China. Metall Burgycal Industries Press, 2006. P. 21 – 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han Dong, Yuping Lang. The recent progress of product technologies of HNS in China: HNS 2006, Beijing, China. Metall Burgycal Industries Press, 2006, pp. 21–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пат. 1627584 СССР. Сталь / З.Н. Петропавловская, А.В. Рабинович, Я.М. Васильев и др.; опубл. 15.02.1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petropavlovskaya Z.N., Rabinovich A.V., Vasil’ev Ya.M. etc. Stal’. Patent USSR no. 1627584 SSSR: publ. 15.02.1991. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисов В.П., Петропавловская З.Н., Харина И.Л. и др. Влияние азота на структуру и свойства стали для лопаток // “HNS 89”, 1 – 3 окт., 1989, Варна, България. Vol. 1. P. 154 – 156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisov V.P., Petropavlovskaya Z.N., Kharina I.L. etc. Inﬂuence of nitrogen on structure and properties of steel for blades. In: HNS 89, Varna, Bulgaria. 1989, vol. 1, pp. 154–156. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. с. 1872 Болгария. Рашев Ц. Высокоазотистая сталь; опубл. 11.04.1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts. Vysokoazotistaya stal’ [High-nitrogen steel]. Certiﬁcate of authorship Bolgariya no. 1872; publ. 11.04.1973. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pat. 4116683 USA. Dimov I., Rashev Tz. Nikel-freeaustenitic corrosion-resistant steel; publ. 26.09.1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimov I., Rashev Tz. Nikel-free austenitic corrosion-resistant steel. Patent no. 4116683 USA; publ. 26.09.1978. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimov I., Rashev Ts., Ivanov R., Andreev Ch. Nickel-free chromium-manganese stainless steels // Proc. of Symp. on Cast Counter Pressure, Varna, 1973. Р. 90 –102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimov I., Rashev Ts., Ivanov R., Andreev Ch. Nickel-free chromium-manganese stainless steels. Proc. of Symp. on Cast Counter Pressure, Varna, 1973, pp. 90–102. (In Bulg.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приданцев М.В., Талов Н.П., Левин Ф.Л.Высокопрочные аустенитные стали. – М.: Металлургия, 1969. – 248 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pridantsev M.V., Talov N.P., Levin F.L.Vysokoprochnye austenitnye stali [High-strength austenitic steels]. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1969, 248 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пат. 2573283 РФ. Рашев Ц.В., Елисеев А.В. Способ производства металлургических заготовок, фасонного литья и устройство для его осуществления; опубл. 01.20. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashev Ts.V., Eliseev A.V. Sposob proizvodstva metallurgicheskikh zagotovok, fasonnogo lit’ya i ustroistvo dlya ego osushchestvleniya [Method for the production of metallurgical billets, shaped casting and unit for its implementation]. Patent no. 2573283 RF; publ. 01.20.2016. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пат. 2605720 РФ. Елисеев А.В., Рашев Ц.В. Способ производства металлургических заготовок с пористой структурой и устройство для его осуществления; опубл. 27. 07.2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eliseev A.V., Rashev Ts.V. Sposob proizvodstva metallurgicheskikh zagotovok s poristoi strukturoi i ustroistvo dlya ego osushchestvleniya [Method for the production of metallurgical billets with a porous structure and unit for its implementation]. Patent no. 2605720 RF; publ. 27. 07.2017. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
