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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-407-417</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1627</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОРЯДКЕ ДИСКУССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IN ORDER OF DISCUSSION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ: СЛЕДСТВИЯ ДЛЯ ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛОВ ИЗ РУД</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS REDUCTION: THEORY AND METHODS OF METALS EXTRACTION FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF ORE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рощин</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Roshchin</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор кафедры «Пирометаллургические процессы»</p><p>454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Chair “Pyrometallurgical Processes”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">roshchinve@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гамов</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gamov</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Пирометаллургические процессы»</p><p>454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor, Head of the Chair “Pyrometallurgical Processes”</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рощин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Roshchin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник кафедры «Пирометаллургические процессы»</p><p>454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Leading Researcher of the Chair “Pyrometallurgical Processes”</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салихов</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikhov</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Пирометаллургические процессы»</p><p>454080, Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair “Pyrometallurgical Processes” </p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>407</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рощин В.Е., Гамов П.А., Рощин А.В., Салихов С.П., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рощин В.Е., Гамов П.А., Рощин А.В., Салихов С.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Roshchin V.E., Gamov P.A., Roshchin A.V., Salikhov S.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1627">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1627</self-uri><abstract><p> Показано, что ни одна из существующих схем восстановления металлов из руд не позволяет объяснить многообразия практических результатов, вследствие чего сложилось и существует мнение об отсутствии единого механизма восстановления. Представлены результаты выполненных авторами исследований твердофазного восстановления металлов углеродом в комплексных и бедных железосодержащих рудах различного генезиса, относящихся к разным месторождениям, а также в индивидуальных оксидах кремния, хрома и алюминия. Для уточнения теоретических представлений о механизме восстановления приведены результаты исследования электрических характеристик руд и индивидуальных оксидов. Сделано заключение, что общими для всех вариантов восстановления разных металлов являются процессы преобразования кристаллической решетки оксида в кристаллическую решетку металла. На основе данных квантовой механики, физики  и химии твердого тела разработаны новые принципиальные положения электронной теории восстановления металлов. Восстановление – это обмен электронами между восстановителем и катионами металлов оксида, в результате которого на поверхности оксида образуются анионные вакансии с «лишними» (свободными) электронами. В зависимости от концентрации восстанавливаемых катионов, превращение ионной связи катионов оксида в металлическую связь катионов металлической фазы происходит при слиянии заряженных анионных вакансий на поверхности или внутри оксида. Этот процесс идет без перемещения катионов на значительные расстояния, минуя стадию образования атомов металла и без термодинамических затруднений образования зародышей новой фазы. Теория позволяет объяснить все известные результаты экспериментов по твердофазному восстановлению металлов непосредственно в оксидах: образование сплошных металлических оболочек на поверхности кусков богатых железных руд, выделение металлических частиц внутри бедных и комплексных руд, образование и сублимацию субоксидов. При выделении металлической фазы в объеме комплексного оксида отсутствует непосредственный контакт между металлом и восстановителем, поэтому при карботермическом восстановлении железа в комплексных или бедных рудах в металлическую фазу из восстановителя не попадают сера и углерод. При металлизации таких руд в качестве восстановителя можно использовать энергетический уголь и получать металлооксидный композиционный материал, содержащий чистое первородное железо и ценные оксиды невосстановленных металлов – магния, титана, ванадия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The present work analyzes the existing mechanism of solid-phase metals reduction from oxides. It was shown that the existed mechanisms of reduction do not explain the diversity of the practical results leading to a generally accepted opinion that there is no single uniform reduction mechanism. This study presents the results of the solid-phase reduction of metals from lump magnetite, siderite, titanomagnetite and chromite types of ore by carbon from various deposits. The obtained results were compared with the results of reduction of chromium, silicon and aluminum by carbon from pure oxides. Change in the electrical characteristics and analysis of the processes of electron- and mass transfer under reducing conditions were performed to clarify the general theoretical concepts of reduction mechanism. It has been concluded that there is general process of transformation of the crystal lattice of oxide into the crystal lattice of metal for reduction of different metals. The positions of electron theory for solid-phase reduction of metals from crystal lattice of oxides were developed using the basic concepts of chemistry, solid state physics about imperfect crystals, quantum mechanics and character of electron distribution and transfer in metals and ionic semiconductors. The theory embraces all the known results of reduction with formation of metal on the surface of high-grade lump ore, nucleation of metal inside of the complex and low-grade types of ore and formation and sublimation of suboxides. Major ideas of the developing theory of electron reduction have been formulated on the basis of metals reduction as a result of the exchange of electrons between the reducing agent and metal cations in oxides by means of the charged anion vacancies formed on the surface and their scattering in the volume. The transformation of the cations’ ionic bond in oxides into metallic bond of the metal phase on the surface (or inside of the oxide lattice) occurs without the displacement of the cations over significant distances and thermodynamic difficulties for the formation of metallic nucleus when the charged anion vacancies merge (skipping the stage of formation of the atoms of metal). There might be no direct contact between the metal and the reducing agent in case of formation of the metal phase inside of the oxide volume. As a result, harmful impurities from the reducing agent, e.g. carbon and sulphur, do not penetrate into iron during reduction of complex and low-grade types of ore. Therefore, for the reduction of iron from such an ore, it is possible to utilize a low-quality reducing agent, e.g. steam coal. The selective solid-phase reduction of iron from lump complex ore makes it possible to obtain a metal-oxide composite material containing pure DRI and valuable oxides which are difficult for reduction, i.e. oxides of magnesium, titanium and vanadium.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>механизм восстановления металлов</kwd><kwd>карботермическое восстановление</kwd><kwd>твердофазное восстановление</kwd><kwd>селективное восстановление</kwd><kwd>кристаллическая решетка оксидов</kwd><kwd>ионная связь</kwd><kwd>металлическая связь</kwd><kwd>электронная теория восстановления</kwd><kwd>анионные вакансии</kwd><kwd>металлооксидный материал</kwd><kwd>переработка бедных руд</kwd><kwd>переработка титаномагнетитовых руд</kwd><kwd>переработка сидеритовых руд</kwd><kwd>железо прямого восстановления</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mechanism of metals’ reduction</kwd><kwd>carbothermic reduction</kwd><kwd>solid-phase reduction</kwd><kwd>selective reduction</kwd><kwd>oxide lattice</kwd><kwd>ionic bond</kwd><kwd>metal bond</kwd><kwd>theory of electron reduction</kwd><kwd>anion vacancies</kwd><kwd>metal-oxide material</kwd><kwd>processing of low-grade ore</kwd><kwd>processing of titanomagnetite ore</kwd><kwd>processing of siderite ore</kwd><kwd>DRI</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов М.А. 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