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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2019-2-109-114</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1582</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О ПРИРОДЕ МЕСТ ЗАРОЖДЕНИЯ МАРТЕНСИТА ПРИ ЗАКАЛКЕ СТАЛИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>REVISITING THE NATURE OF SITES OF MARTENSITE NUCLEATION DURING STEEL HARDENING</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пустовойт</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pustovoit</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор кафедры «Физическое и прикладное материаловедение»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Chair “Physical and Applied Material Science”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fipm-dstu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгачев</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgachev</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Физическое и прикладное материаловедение»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair “Physical and Applied Material Science”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuridol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет (ДГТУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пустовойт В.Н., Долгачев Ю.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пустовойт В.Н., Долгачев Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pustovoit V.N., Dolgachev Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1582">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1582</self-uri><abstract><p>Обсуждаются вопросы о наличии в аустените микрообъемов, наиболее подготовленных для зарождения мартенситной фазы. Из большого числа работ, касающихся мартенситных превращений, очень малое количество посвящено вопросу о местах зарождения мартенсита. Этот аспект превращения немаловажен, так как позволяет получить новые знания о сценариях развития γ → α-превращения при закалке стали. Зародыши мартенсита представляют собой субмикрообъемы аустенита, наиболее подготовленные к фазовому переходу и  характеризующиеся повышенной энергией. Экспериментальные результаты в работе получены методами высокотемпературной металлографии. Изучали структуру образцов стали 30ХГСА, наблюдаемую в результате вакуумного травления, а также поверхностный рельеф, вызванный сдвигом при мартенситном превращении. Полученные структурные картины позволили наблюдать большинство из возможных мест зарождения мартенсита, а именно, неметаллические включения, внутризеренные двойники, высокоугловые и малоугловые границы зерен, ранее образовавшиеся кристаллы мартенсита, дислокации и элементы дисклинационной структуры. Показано, что в области двойников наблюдается высокая плотность дислокаций, что облегчает зарождение мартенсита в результате исчезновения части упругой энергии дислокации при перестройке атомов внутри зародыша. При зарождении на границах зерен высвобождается энергия, которая идет на построение новой межфазной границы и компенсацию возникающей упругой энергии. Для оценки относительной энергии границ разного типа методом многолучевой интерферометрии измерена глубина канавок, которые образуются при термическом травлении на поверхности в месте выхода границ. Наблюдали элементы дисклинационной структуры, возникающие в результате неоднородной деформации. Эти элементы также являются местами формирования зародышевых центров. Отмечается, что присутствующие в парамагнитном аустените нанообласти с ферромагнитным порядком невозможно наблюдать с помощью методов, использованных в настоящей работе. Однако магнетизм играет определяющую роль в реализации того или иного сценария развития фазового превращения в сталях. Получение данных о взаимодействии в аустените ферромагнитных областей между собой, с дефектами кристаллической решетки, магнитным полем, а также о времени их жизни, количестве и размерах является важной задачей для будущих исследований.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Presence of microvolumes most prepared for the martensite emergence in austenite is discussed. Aming many works dealing with martensitic transformations, rare works are devoted to the location of martensite origin. This aspect of transformation is important, since it allows us to obtain new knowledge about scenarios for γ  →  α transformation development during quenching of steel. The martensite embryos are submicron austenite volumes that are most prepared for phase transition and are characterized by increased energy. Experimental results were obtained by the methods of high-temperature metallography. Steel structure observed as a result of vacuum etching was studied, as well as the surface relief caused by shear during the martensitic transformation. The resulting structural patterns made it possible to observe most of the possible places for martensite emergence: nonmetallic inclusions, twins, high-angle and small-angle grain boundaries, previously formed martensite crystals, dislocations and elements of the disclination structure. It is shown that a high dislocation density is observed in the twin area, which facilitates nucleation of martensite as a result of disappearance of part of elastic energy of the dislocation when atoms inside the embryo are rearranged. When nucleation occurs on the grain boundaries, energy is released, which is used to construct a new interphase boundary and to compensate emerging elastic energy. The relative energy of the boundaries of different types was estimated by the method of multi-beam interferometry. The depth of the grooves that were formed on the surface by thermal etching was measured. Elements of disclination structure resulting from inhomogeneous deformation were observed, which are also sites of germinal centers formation. It is noted that nanoareas with ferromagnetic order, which are present in paramagnetic austenite, may not be observed with the help of the technique used in this work. However, magnetism plays a decisive role in realization of one or another scenario of the development of phase transformation in steels. Obtaining data on the interaction of ferromagnetic areas in austenite with each other, with crystal lattice defects, the magnetic field, and data on their lifetime, number and size is an important task for future research.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>места зарождения</kwd><kwd>закалка</kwd><kwd>мартенсит</kwd><kwd>сталь</kwd><kwd>высокотемпературная металлография</kwd><kwd>границы зерен</kwd><kwd>двойники</kwd><kwd>дислокации</kwd><kwd>дисклинации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sites of nucleation</kwd><kwd>hardening</kwd><kwd>martensite</kwd><kwd>steel</kwd><kwd>high-temperature metallography</kwd><kwd>grain boundaries</kwd><kwd>twins</kwd><kwd>dislocations</kwd><kwd>disclinations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bain E.C., Dunkirk N.Y. The nature of martensite // Trans. AIME. 1924. Vol. 70. No. 1. 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