<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2018-11-907-913</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1506</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние длительного теплового старения в составе теплообменного оборудования реакторной установки на быстрых нейтронах на структуру и свойства аустенитной хромоникелевой стали</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of long-term thermal aging in heat exchange equipment of fast neutron switchgears on the structure and properties of austenitic chromium-nickel steel</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, начальник сектора.</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Шпалерная, 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Chief of the Section.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Охапкин</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okhapkin</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Шпалерная, 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kirin.okhapkin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ЦНИИ КМ «Прометей» имени академика И.В. Горынина, НИЦ «Курчатовский институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician I.V. Gorynin Central Research Institute of Structural Materials “Prometey”, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>907</fpage><lpage>913</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кудрявцев А.С., Охапкин К.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцев А.С., Охапкин К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kudryavtsev A.S., Okhapkin K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1506">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1506</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе исследовано влияние длительной эксплуатации при температуре 515 °С на структуру и свойства стали 09Х18Н9. Данные по структуре и фазовому составу стали получены с помощью оптической и растровой электронной микроскопии. Фазовый состав стали в равновесном состоянии определен путем термодинамического моделирования в программном пакете FactSage. В результате исследования установлено, что в процессе эксплуатации при температуре 515 °С продолжительностью 195 тыс. ч в стали 09Х18Н9 происходит изменение структуры с образованием вторичных фаз, инициированное выделением элементов с ограниченной растворимостью из пересыщенного твердого раствора. Обнаружено присутствие в структуре твердого раствора аустенита следующих вторичных выделений: карбид хрома Cr23C6 , феррит (а), G-фаза. На основании сопоставления данных термодинамического моделирования и экспериментального определения фазового состава установлено, что структура стали находится в состоянии, близком к равновесному. Выявлен и описан механизм протекания структурных превращений, последовательность образования вторичных фаз. На начальном этапе происходит образование карбида хрома, затем вблизи карбидов происходит образование а-феррита и, затем, формируется G-фаза. Результаты испытаний на ударную вязкость и статическое растяжение показали, что изменение фазового состава в процессе теплового старения приводит к охрупчиванию стали - снижению пластичности и энергии удара. Фрактографические исследования поверхностей изломов образцов показали, что снижение пластичности в процессе длительной высокотемпературной эксплуатации связано с разупрочнением тела зерна и упрочнением границ за счет вторичных выделений карбидной фазы. В результате данного процесса пластическая деформация локализуется в разупрочненном объеме тела зерна, окруженного прочными границами. Наибольшее влияние эволюция структуры при длительном тепловом старении оказывает на ударную вязкость. При этом изменение временного сопротивления и предела текучести незначительно. Основной вклад в изменение механических характеристик стали вносят вторичные выделения карбидной фазы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The influence of long-term operation at 515 °C on structure and properties of 09Cr18Ni9 steel was investigated. Structure and phase composition were obtained using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The phase composition of the steel in equilibrium state was determined by thermodynamic modeling in the software package Fact-Sage. As a result of the study, it was found that during the operation at 515 °C with a duration of 195,000 h, the structure changes occurred in the 09Cr18Ni9 steel with the formation of secondary phases, initiated by the release of elements with limited solubility from the supersaturated solid solution. The following secondary precipitates in structure of the solid solution of austenite presented: Cr23C6 chromium carbide, ferrite (a), G-phase. Based on comparison of the thermodynamic modeling results and on experimental determination of the phase composition, it was established that the steel structure is in a state close to equilibrium. The mechanism of structural transformations course and sequence of the secondary phases’ formation were revealed and described. At the initial stage, chromium carbide is formed, then a-ferrite is formed near the carbides, and then G-phase is formed. Results of the tests for impact strength and static elongation have shown that the change in phase composition in process of thermal aging leads to embrittlement of the steel - a reduction in ductility and impact energy. Fractografic studies of fracture surfaces of the samples have shown that the decrease in plasticity during long-term high-temperature operation is associated with softening of the grain body and strengthening of the boundaries due to secondary precipitations of the carbide phase. As a result of this process, plastic deformation is localized in the weakened volume of the body of grain surrounded by strong boundaries. The structure evolution during prolonged heat aging has the greatest effect on impact strength. At the same time, the change in ultimate and yield stress is insignificant. The main contribution to the change in mechanical characteristics of steel is made by the secondary precipitates of the carbide phase.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>парогенератор</kwd><kwd>жаропрочная хромоникелевая сталь</kwd><kwd>длительная эксплуатация</kwd><kwd>тепловое старение</kwd><kwd>выделение вторичных фаз</kwd><kwd>ударная вязкость</kwd><kwd>изменение механических свойств</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>steam generator</kwd><kwd>heat-resistant chromium-nickel steel</kwd><kwd>longterm operation</kwd><kwd>thermal aging</kwd><kwd>separation of secondary phases</kwd><kwd>impact toughness</kwd><kwd>change in mechanical properties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конструкционные материалы АЭС / Ю.Ф. Баландин, И.В. Го-рынин, Ю.И. Звездин, В.Г. Марков. - М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1984. - 280 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balandin Yu.F., Gorynin I.V., Zvezdin Yu.I., Markov V.G. Kon-struktsionnye materialy AES [Structural materials of nuclear power plants]. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1984, 280 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baddoo N.R. Stainless steel in construction: A review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities // Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2008. Vol. 64. P. 1199 - 1206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baddoo N.R. Stainless steel in construction: A review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2008, vol. 64, pp. 1199-1206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renault A., Malaplate J., Pokor C., Gavoille P. TEM and EFTEM characterization of solution annealed 304L stainless steel irradiated in PHENIX, up to 36 dpa and at 390 °C // Journal of nuclear materials. 2012. Vol. 421. P. 124 - 131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renault A., Malaplate J., Pokor C., Gavoille P. TEM and EFTEM characterization of solution annealed 304L stainless steel irradiated in PHENIX, up to 36 dpa and at 390 °C. Journal of nuclear materials. 2012, vol. 421, pp. 124-131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карзов Г.П., Кудрявцев А.С., Марков В.Г. и др. Разработка конструкционных материалов для атомных энергетических установок на быстрых нейтронах с натриевым теплоносителем // Вопросы материаловедения. 2015. № 2 (82). С. 23 - 33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karzov G.P., Kudryavtsev A.S., Markov V.G., Grishmanovs-kaya R.N., Trapeznikov Yu.M., Anan’eva M.A. Development of structural materials for fast-neutron nuclear power plants with a sodium coolant. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2015, no. 2 (82), pp. 23-33. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Машиностроение. Энциклопедия. Машиностроение ядерной техники. Т. IV-25. - В 2-х кн. Кн. 1 / Е.О. Адамов, Ю.Г. Драгунов, В.В. Орлов и др. / Под ред. Е.О. Адамова. - М.: Машиностроение, 2005. - 960 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mashinostroenie. Entsiklopediya. T. IV-25. Mashinostroenie yader-noitekhniki. V2-khkn.Kn. 1 [Engineering. Encyclopedia. Vol. IV-25. Engineering of nuclear technics: in 2 books, book 1]. Adamov E.O. ed. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2005, 960 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sekine M., Sakaguchi N., Endo M. etc. Grain boundary engineering of austenitic steel PNC316 for use in nuclear reactors // Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2011. Vol. 414. P. 232 - 236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sekine M., Sakaguchi N., Endo M., Kinoshita H., Watanabe S., Ko-kawa H., Yamashita S., Yano Y., Kawai M. Grain boundary engineering of austenitic steel PNC316 for use in nuclear reactors. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2011, vol. 414, pp. 232-236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dae Whan Kim. Influence of nitrogen-induced grain refinement on mechanical properties of nitrogen alloyed type 316L(N) stainless steel // Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2012. Vol. 420. P. 473 - 478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dae Whan Kim. Influence of nitrogen-induced grain refinement on mechanical properties of nitrogen alloyed type 316L(N) stainless steel. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2012, vol. 420, pp. 473-478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee W.-S., Lin C.-F., Chen T.-H., Luo W.-Z. High temperature deformation and fracture behavior of 316L stainless steel under high strain rate loading // Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2012. Vol. 420. P. 226 - 234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee W.-S., Lin C.-F., Chen T.-H., Luo W.-Z. High temperature deformation and fracture behavior of 316L stainless steel under high strain rate loading. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2012, vol. 420, pp. 226-234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivai Bharasi N., Thyagarajan K., Shaikh H. etc. Effect of flowing sodium on corrosion and tensile properties of AISI type 316LN stainless steel at 823 K // Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2008. Vol. 377. P. 378 - 384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharasi N. Sivai, Thyagarajan K., Shaikh H., Balamurugan A.K., Santanu Bera, Kalavathy S., Gurumurthy K., Tyagi A.K., Da-yal R.K., Rajan K.K., Khatak H.S. Effect of flowing sodium on corrosion and tensile properties of AISI type 316LN stainless steel at 823 K. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 2008, vol. 377, pp. 378-384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голод В.М., Савельев К.Д. Вычислительная термодинамика в материаловедении: Учеб. пособие. - СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2010. - 218 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golod V.M., Savel’ev K.D. Vychislitel’naya termodinamika v ma-terialovedenii: ucheb. posobie [Computational thermodynamics in materials science: Textbook]. St. Petersburg: Izd-vo Politekhn. un-ta, 2010, 218 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGuire M. Stainless Steels for Design Engineers. ASM International. 2008. - 296 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGuire M. Stainless Steels for Design Engineers. ASM International. 2008, 296 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo К.Н., Shek С.Н., Lai J.K.L. Recent developments in stainless steels // Materials Science and Engineering R. 2009. Vol. 65. P. 39 - 104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo K.N., Shek S.N., Lai J.K.L. Recent developments in stainless steels. Materials Science and Engineering R. 2009, vol. 65, pp. 39-104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гудремон Э. Специальные стали. Т.1. - М.: Металлургия, 1966. - 736 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudremon E. Especial steel. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1956. (Russ. ed.: Gudremon E. Spetsial’nye stali. Vol. 1. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1966, 344 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меськин В.С. Основы легирования стали. - М.: Государственное научно-техническое издательство литературы по черной и цветной металлургии, 1959. - 688 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mes’kin V.S. Osnovy legirovaniya stali [Fundamentals of steel alloying]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe nauchno-tekhnicheskoe izdatel’stvo literatury po chernoi i tsvetnoi metallurgii, 1959, 688 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magnabosco R. Kinetics of sigma phase formation in a duplex stainless steel // MaterialsResearch. 2009. Vol. 12, No. 3. P. 321 - 327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magnabosco R. Kinetics of sigma phase formation in a duplex stainless steel. Materials Research. 2009, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 321-327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chih-Chun Hsieh, Weite Wu. Overview of intermetallic sigma (a) phase precipitation in stainless steels // International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Metallurgy. Vol. 2012. Article ID 732471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chih-Chun Hsieh, Weite Wu. Overview of intermetallic sigma (a) phase precipitation in stainless steels. International Scholarly Research NetworkISRNMetallurgy. Vol. 2012, Article ID 732471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марголин Б.З., Гуленко А.Г., Бучатский А.А. и др. Исследование влияния термического старения на длительную прочность и пластичность стали Х18Н9 // Вопросы материаловедения. 2010. № 4 (64). С. 118 - 127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Margolin B.Z., Gulenko A.G., Buchatskii A.A., Nesterova E.V., Kashtanov A.D. Influence of thermal aging on the long-term strength and ductility of Kh18N9 steel. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2010, no. 4 (64), pp. 118-127. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NRIM-Metallographic Atlas of Long-term Crept Materials No M-2. National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo, Japan, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NRIM-Metallographic Atlas of Long-term Crept Materials No M-2. National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo, Japan, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sourmail T. Precipitation in creep resistant austenitic stainless steels // Materials Scienceand Technology. 2001.Vol. 17(1). P. 1 - 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sourmail T. Precipitation in creep resistant austenitic stainless steels. Materials Science and Technology. 2001, vol. 17(1), 1-14 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карзов Г.П., Тимофеев Б.Т., Чернаенко Т.А. Старение материалов оборудования АЭС при эксплуатации в течение проектного срока службы // Вопросы материаловедения. 2005. № 2 (42). С. 92 - 110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karzov G.P., Timofeev B.T., Chernaenko T.A. Aging of the materials of NPP equipment under operation during the design life. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2005, no. 2 (42), pp. 92-110. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горынин И.В., Карзов Г.П., Галяткин С.Н. и др. Антикоррозионная наплавка. Опыт применения и пути совершенствования // Вопросы материаловедения. 2005. № 2 (42). С. 129 - 143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorynin I.V., Karzov G.P., Galyatkin S.N., Mikhaleva E.I., Moro-zovskaya I.A. Corrosion-resistant cladding. Experience of application and ways of improvement. Voprosy materialovedeniya. 2005, no. 2 (42), pp. 129-143. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiss B., Sticler R. Phase instabilities during high temperature exposure of 316 austenitic stainless steel // Metallurgical Transactions. 1972. Vol. 3. P. 851.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiss B., Sticler R. Phase instabilities during high temperature exposure of 316 austenitic stainless steel. Metallurgical Transactions. 1972, vol. 3, p. 851.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мэнсон С. Температурные напряжения и малоцикловая усталость / Пер. с англ. - М.: Машиностроение, 1974. - 344 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manson S. Temperaturnye napryazheniya i malotsiklovaya ustalost ’ [Temperature stress and low cycle fatigue]. Trans. from Eng. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1974, 344 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Копельман Л.А. Основы теории прочности сварных конструкций: Учеб. пособие. - СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2007. - 278 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopel’man L.A. Osnovy teorii prochnosti svarnykh konstruktsii. Ucheb. posobie [Fundamentals of the theory of strength of welded structures. Tutorial]. SPb.: Izd-vo Politekhn. un-ta. 2007, 278 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
