blackmetИзвестия высших учебных заведений. Черная МеталлургияIzvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy0368-07972410-2091National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-7-510-519blackmet-1364Research ArticleМЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИMETALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGIESИЗУЧЕНИЕ МИКРОСТРУКТУРЫ МЕТАЛЛА ПРОКАТНЫХ ВАЛКОВ С ЛАЗЕРНОЙ НАПЛАВКОЙ С ЦЕЛЬЮ КОНТРОЛЯ ИХ КАЧЕСТВАEXAMINING THE STRUCTURE OF MILL ROLLS METAL WITH LASER SURFACING FOR THEIR QUALITY CONTROLБелоносовА. В.BelonosovA. V.

Инженер-дефектоскопист  

620012, Екатеринбург, пл. Первой пятилетки

Engineer NDT Specialist  

Ekaterinburg

ЧиковаО. А.ChikovaO. A.

Доктор физико-математических наук, профессор кафедры физики

620002, Екатеринбург, пр. Мира, 19

 

Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Physics

Ekaterinburg

chik63@mail.ruЗайцеваН. А.ZaitsevaN. А.

Кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры физики  

620002, Екатеринбург, пр. Мира, 19

Dr. Sci. (Phys.–Math.), Professor of the Chair of Physics

Ekaterinburg

ПАО «Уралмашзавод»РоссияJSC “Uralmashplant”Russian FederationУральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. ЕльцинаРоссияUral Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. YeltsinRussian Federation201828072018617510519Copyright © Белоносов А.В., Чикова О.А., Зайцева Н.А., 20182018Белоносов А.В., Чикова О.А., Зайцева Н.А.Belonosov A.V., Chikova O.A., Zaitseva N.А.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1364

Исследованы микроструктура и кристаллическое строение образцов стали 9X2МФ и 8Х3СМФА с лазерной наплавкой. Образцы отобраны от рабочих валов реверсивного прокатного стана в условиях ПАО «Уралмашзавод». Заваривание поверхностных трещин в вал­ках с применением лазера считается эффективным методом восстановления деталей в условиях мелкосерийного производства. Исследо­вания выполнены с целью контроля качества стальных изделий с лазерной наплавкой. Контроль качества рабочих валов прокатных станов с лазерной наплавкой направлен на выявление дефектов металлургического происхождения (неметаллические включения, несплошно­сти, области с неоднородностью химического состава) в зонах наплавки и термического влияния и проводится ультразвуковым мето­дом. Металлографическое изучение микроструктуры и кристаллического строения образцов стали с лазерной наплавкой необходимо для разработки методики ультразвукового контроля. Основным средством металлографического обнаружения дефектов металлургического происхождения в сталях является растровая электронная микроскопия с функциями микрорентгеноспектрального анализа (EDS-анализ) и дифракции обратно рассеянных электронов (EBSD-анализ). Металлографическое исследование выполнено с помощью сканирующе­го электронного микроскопа CarlZeiss AURIGA CrossBeam, оборудованного аналитическими системами для исследования элементного состава поверхности методом рентгеноспектрального микроанализа (EDS) и исследования кристаллической структуры поверхности ме­тодом дифракции обратно рассеянных электронов (EBSD). В результате металлографического исследования образцов стали с лазерной наплавкой, отобранных от рабочих валов реверсивного прокатного стана, обнаружены дефекты металлургического происхождения по границе наплавки. Размер микронеоднородностей для стали 9X2МФ составляет 10 – 50 мкм, элементный состав включает Mn, Si и O. Размер микронеоднородностей для стали 8Х3СМФА составляет 1 – 3 мкм, а элементный состав включает Mn, Cr и Mo. Установлено, что металл наплавки является менее текстурованным и имеет более однородные акустические характеристики, чем основной металл, что необ­ходимо учитывать при ультразвуковом контроле качества стальных изделий с лазерной наплавкой. При ультразвуковом контроле рабочих валов с лазерной наплавкой рекомендовано установить уровень фиксации сигнала с отражающей способностью, эквивалентной диаметру плоскодонного отверстия 1,5 мм.

The authors have investigated microstructure and crystal struc­ture of the steel samples of 9Kh2MF and 8Kh3SMFA steel with la­ser surfacing. The samples were taken from working shafts of reverse rolling mill in conditions of OJSC «Uralmashzavod». Brewing surface cracks in rolls with the use of laser is considered as an effective method of parts restoring in small-scale production. The research was carried out to control the quality of steel products with laser surfacing. Quality control of working rolls of rolling mills with laser surfacing is aimed at identifying the defects of metallurgical origin (nonmetallic inclu­sions, discontinuities, regions with heterogeneity of chemical compo­sition) in zones of surfacing and thermal influence and is performed by ultrasonic method. Metallographic study of the microstructure and crystal structure of steel samples with laser surfacing was necessary to develop an ultrasonic testing technique. The main way to detect de­fects of metallurgical origin in steels is scanning electron microscopy with functions of micro-X-ray spectral analysis (EDS-analysis) and diffraction of backscattered electrons (EBSD-analysis). The metallo­graphic study was carried out using a scanning electron microscope Carl Zeiss AURIGA CrossBeam equipped with analytical systems for studying the elemental surface composition by X-ray spectral analysis (EDS) and the crystal structure of the surface by diffraction of back­scattered electrons (EBSD). As a result of metallographic examination, steel-laser welded samples taken from the working rollers of the re­verse rolling mill were found to have defects of metallurgical origin along the surfacing boundary. The size of microinhomogeneities for 9Kh2MF steel is 10 – 50 μm; the elemental composition includes Mn, Si and O. The size of microinhomogeneities for 8Kh3SMFA steel is 1 – 3 μm, and the elemental composition includes Mn, Cr and Mo. It was established that metal on melting is less textured and has more homogeneous acoustic characteristics than base metal, it must be taken into account at ultrasonic quality control of steel products with laser surfacing. At ultrasonic inspection of laser-surfaced working rolls, we recommend setting the signal fixation level with reflectivity equivalent to the flat-bottom hole diameter of 1.5 mm.  

низкоуглеродистая сложнолегированная стальлазерная наплавкадефекты металлургического происхождениямикрострук¬тураEDS-анализEBSD-анализlow-carbon complex steellaser surfacingmetallurgical de¬fectsmicrostructureEDS analysisEBSD analysisReferencesЧикова О.А., Белоносов А.В., Истомина З.А. Изучение структу¬ры поковок из стали 75Х3МФ ультразвуковым методом с целью контроля их качества // Дефектоскопия. 2012. № 9. С. 36 – 41.Chikova O.A., Belonosov A.V., Istomina Z.A. A study of the struc¬ture of forged pieces of 75X3MΦ steel using the ultrasonic method for quality control. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing. 2012, no. 9, vol. 48, p. 532–536.Белоносов А.В., Чикова О.А., Юровских В.В., Чезганов Д.С. Изучение структуры металла прокатных валков из стали 9Х2МФ и 8Х3СГФ ультразвуковым методом с целью контроля их качества // Дефектоскопия. 2013. № 4. С. 17 – 28.Belonosov A.V., Chikova O.A., Yurovskikh V.V., Chezganov D.S. examining the structure of mill rolls made of 9X2MΦ and 8X3CΓΦ steels using the ultrasonic method for quality control. Russian Jour¬nal of Nondestructive Testing. 2013, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 196–205.Chezganov D.S., Chikova O.A., Borovykh M.A. Effect of heat treatment on the crystal structure of deformed samples of chromium–manganese steel // Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2017. Vol. 118. No. 9. P. 857 – 863.Chezganov D.S., Chikova O.A., Borovykh M.A. Effect of heat treatment on the crystal structure of deformed samples of chromium–manganese steel. Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2017, vol. 118, no. 9, pp. 857–863.Alali M., Todd I., Wynne B.P. Through-thickness microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded 20 mm thick AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel // Materials & Design. 2017. Vol. 130. P. 488 – 500.Alali M., Todd I., Wynne B. P. Through-thickness microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded 20 mm thick AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel. Materials & Design. 2017, vol. 130, pp. 488–500.Liu S., Mi GY., Yan F. etc. Correlation of high power laser welding parameters with real weld geometry and microstructure // Optics and laser technology. 2017. Vol. 94. P. 59 – 67.Liu S., Mi GY., Yan F.,Wang CM. Jiang P. Correlation of high power laser welding parameters with real weld geometry and microstruc¬ture. Optics and laser technology. 2017, vol. 94, pp. 59–67.Venkata K.A.,Truman C.E., Coules H.E., Warren A.D. Applying electron backscattering diffraction to macroscopic residual stress characterisation in a dissimilar weld // Journal of materials processing technology. 2017. Vol. 241. P. 54 – 63.Venkata KA., Truman C.E., Coules H.E., Warren A.D. Applying electron backscattering diffraction to macroscopic residual stress characterization in a dissimilar weld. Journal of materials process¬ing technology. 2017, vol. 241, pp. 54–63.Chezganov D.S., Borovykh M.A., Chikova O.A. Prediction of steel corrosion resistance based on EBSD-data analysis (2017) // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 192 (1). Art. no. 012031.Chezganov D.S., Borovykh M.A., Chikova O.A. Prediction of steel corrosion resistance based on EBSD-data analysis (2017). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 192 (1), art. no. 012031.Cumblidge S.E. Nuclear regulatory commission staff view of progress in the nondestructive testing of cast austenitic steel components // ASME pressure vessels and piping conference. 2014. Vol. 1. V001T01A054.Cumblidge S.E. Nuclear regulatory commission staff view of prog¬ress in the nondestructive testing of cast austenitic steel compo¬nents. ASME pressure vessels and piping conference. 2014, vol. 1, V001T01A054.Ogilvy J.A. The ultrasonic reflection properties of planar defects with in austenitic welds // Ultrasonics. 1986. Vol. 26. No. 6. P. 318 – 327.Ogilvy J.A. The ultrasonic reflection properties of planar de¬fects with in austenitic welds. Ultrasonics. 1986, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 318–327.Chassignole B., El Guerjouma R., Ploix M.-A., Fouque T. Ultrasonic and structural characterization of anisotropic austenitic stainless steel welds: Towards a higher reliability in ultrasonic non-destructive testing // NDT Int. 2010. Vol. 43. No. 4. P. 273 – 282.Chassignole B., El Guerjouma R., Ploix M.-A., Fouque T. Ultrasonic and structural characterization of anisotropic austenitic stainless steel welds: Towards a higher reliability in ultrasonic non-destruc¬tive testing. NDT Int. 2010, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 273–282.Boukani H.H., Chentouf S.M., Viens M. etc. The effect of martensitic stainless steel microstructure on the ultrasonic inspection of turbine runner joints // 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE)AIP Conference Proceedings. 2015. Vol. 1650. P. 909 – 916.Boukani H.H., Chentouf S.M., Viens M., Tahan A., Gagnon M. The effect of martensitic stainless steel microstructure on the ultrasonic inspection of turbine runner joints. 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) AIP Conference Proceedings. 2015, vol. 1650, pp. 909–916.Fan Z., Mark A.F., Lowe M.J.S.,Withers P.J. Nonintrusive estimation of anisotropic stiffness maps of heterogeneous steel welds for the improvement of ultrasonic array inspection // IEEE transactions on ultrasonics ferroelectrics and frequency control. 2015. Vol. 62. No. 8. P.1530 – 1543.Fan Z., Mark A.F., Lowe M.J.S., Withers P.J. Nonintrusive estima¬tion of anisotropic stiffness maps of heterogeneous steel welds for the improvement of ultrasonic array inspection. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics ferroelectrics and frequency control. 2015, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1530–1543.Nowers O., Duxbury D.J., Drinkwater B.W. Ultrasonic array imaging through an anisotropic austenitic steel weld using an efficient ray-tracing algorithm // Ndt& E International. 2016. Vol. 79. P. 98 – 108.Nowers O., Duxbury D.J., Drinkwater B.W. Ultrasonic array imaging through an anisotropic austenitic steel weld using an effi¬cient ray-tracing algorithm. Ndt & E International. 2016, vol. 79, pp. 98–108.Lhuillier P.E., Chassignole B., Oudaa M. etc. Investigation of the ultrasonic attenuation in anisotropic weld materials with finite element modeling and grain-scale material description // Ultrasonics. 2017. Vol. 78. P. 40 – 50.Lhuillier P. E., Chassignole B., Oudaa M., Kerherve S. O., Rupin F., Fouquet T. Investigation of the ultrasonic attenuation in anisotropic weld materials with finite element modeling and grain-scale mate¬rial description. Ultrasonics. 2017, vol. 78, pp. 40–50.Mark A.F., Li W., Sharples S., Withers P.J. Comparison of grain to grain orientation and stiffness mapping by spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy and EBSD // Journal of microscopy. 2017. Vol. 267. No. 1. P. 89 – 97.Mark A. F., Li W., Sharples S., Withers P.J. Comparison of grain to grain orientation and stiffness mapping by spatially resolved acous¬tic spectroscopy and EBSD. Journal of microscopy. 2017, vol. 267, no. 1, pp. 89–97.Barella S., Di Cecca C., Gruttadauria A. etc. Study on the microstructure influence in ultrasonic test in duplex forged components // Metallurgia Italiana. 2014. Vol. 106. No. 10. P. 29 – 36.Barella S., Di Cecca C., Gruttadauria A., Mapelli C., Mombel¬li D., Fanezi Da Rocha C., Strohaecker T. Study on the microstruc¬ture influence in ultrasonic test in duplex forged components. Metal¬lurgia Italiana. 2014, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 29–36.Barella S., Gruttadauria A., Mapelli C. etc. Effect of heat treatment and of primary austenite grain size on the minimum size of detectable defect on 26NiCrMoV11.5 high strength steel // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2014. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 103 – 111.Barella S., Gruttadauria A., Mapelli C., Mombelli D., Fane¬zi C.L., Fioletti F., Formentelli M., Guarneri M. Effect of heat treat¬ment and of primary austenite grain size on the minimum size of detectable defect on 26NiCrMoV11.5 high strength steel. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2014, no. 1, vol. 16, pp. 103–111.Nishikawa S., Furukawa T., Komura I., Horii Y. The influence of structures of nickel base alloy weld metals on flaw detectability by ultrasonic test // Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu. Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society. 2007. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 179 – 186Nishikawa S., Furukawa T., Komura I., Horii Y. The influence of structures of nickel base alloy weld metals on flaw detectability by ultrasonic test. Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu. Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society. 2007, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 179–186.Kolkoori S., Hoehne C., Prager J. etc. Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan image in acoustically homogeneous and layered anisotropic materials using three dimensional ray tracing method // Ultrasonics. 2014. Vol. 54. No. 2. P. 551– 562. 20.Kolkoori S., Hoehne C., Prager J., Rethmeier M., Kreutzbruck M. Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan image in acoustically homogeneous and layered anisotropic materials using three di¬mensional ray tracing method. Ultrasonics. 2014, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 551–562.Атлас дефектов стали / Пер. с нем. – М.: Металлургия, 1979. – 188 с.Stahlfehlerfibel. Vol. 1-2. Freiberg Stahlberatungsstelle. Dt. Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, VEB, 1975. (Russ.ed. Atlas defektov stali. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1979, 188 p.).Металлография железа: Справ. изд. / Пер. с нем. Н. Лямбер, Т. Греди, Л. Хабракен Л. и др. – М.: Металлургия, 1985. – 248 с.Lambert Nicole, Greday Tony, Habraken Louis etc. De Ferri Metal¬lographia. Vol. 4. Düsseldorf, Verl. Stahleisen, 1983. (Russ. ed. Metallografiya zheleza.Vol. 4: Lambert N., Greday T., Habraken L. Metallografiya splavov zheleza: Sprav. Izd. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1985, 248 p.).Watanabe T. Grain boundary design for new materials// Trans. Jap. Inst. Metals. 1984. Vol. 27. P. 73 – 83.Watanabe T. Grain boundary design for new materials. Trans. Jap. Inst. Metals. 1984, vol. 27, pp. 73–83.Watanabe T. An approach to grain boundary design for strong and ductile polycrystals // Res. Mech. 1984. Vol. 11. P. 47 – 84.Watanabe T. An approach to grain boundary design for strong and ductile polycrystals. Res.Mech. 1984, vol. 11, pp. 47–84.Watanabe T. Grain boundary design and control for high temperature materials // Mater. Sci. and Eng. 1993. Vol. A166. P. 11 – 28.Watanabe T. Grain boundary design and control for high tempera¬ture materials. Mater. Sci. and Eng. 1993, vol. A166, pp. 11–28.Lin P., Palumbo G., Erb U., Aust K.T. Influence of grain boundary character distribution on sensitization and intergranular corrosion of alloy 600 // Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia. 1995. Vol. 33. No. 9. P. 1387 – 1392.Lin P., Palumbo G., Erb U., Aust K.T. Influence of grain boundary character distribution on sensitization and intergranular cor¬rosion of alloy 600. Scripta Metal. et Mater. 1995, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387–1392.Palumbo G., King P.J., Aust K.T. etc. Grain boundary design and control for intergranular stress-corrosion resistance // Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia. 1991. Vol. 25. P. 1775 – 1780.Palumbo G., King P.J., Aust K.T., Erb U., Lichtenberger P.C. Grain boundary design and control for intergranular stress-corrosion resis¬tance. Scripta Metal. et Mater. 1991, vol. 25, pp. 1775–1780.Bennet B.W., Pickering H.W. Effect of grain boundary structure on sensitization and corrosion of stainless steel // Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 1987. Vol. 18A. P. 1117 – 1124.Bennet B.W., Pickering H.W. Effect of grain boundary structure on sensitization and corrosion of stainless steel. Metall. and Mater. Trans. 1987, vol. 18A, pp. 1117–1124.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.