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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2018-6-454-459</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1358</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПЕРЕРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ АТОМОВ УГЛЕРОДА В ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННО ЗАКАЛЕННЫХ РЕЛЬСАХ ПРИ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>REDISTRIBUTION OF CARBON ATOMS IN DIFFERENTIALLY CHARGED RAILS FOR LONG-TERM OPERATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. В.М. Финкеля. </p><p>654007, Россия, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-math.), Professor, Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel. </p><p> Novokuznetsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yur’ev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер-исследователь УНИ. </p><p>654007, Россия, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Research Engineer of Department of Scientific Research. </p><p> Novokuznetsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ant-yurev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник.</p><p>634055, Россия, Томск, пр. Академический, 2/3; 634050, Россия, Томск, пр. Ленина, 36.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-math.), Professor, Chief Recearcher.</p><p> Tomsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yufi55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришунин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishunin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры транспорта и логистики.</p><p>654007, Россия, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Transport and Logistics. </p><p> Novokuznetsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д.т.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой технологии металлов и авиационного материаловедения.  </p><p>443086, Россия, Самара, Московское шоссе, 34.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Chair of Metals Technology and Aviation Materials. </p><p> Samara. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksv@ssau.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет .</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН ; Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High Current Electronics SB RAS;  National Research Tomsk State University.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский национальный исследовательский университет им. академика С.П. Королева.</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara University.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>454</fpage><lpage>459</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Громов В.Е., Юрьев А.А., Иванов Ю.Ф., Гришунин В.А., Коновалов С.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Громов В.Е., Юрьев А.А., Иванов Ю.Ф., Гришунин В.А., Коновалов С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Yur’ev A.A., Ivanov Y.F., Grishunin V.A., Konovalov S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1358">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1358</self-uri><abstract><p>Методами просвечивающей электронной микроскопии на различном расстоянии от поверхности катания по центральной оси проведены исследования изменения структуры, фазового состава и дефектной субструктуры головки дифференцировано закаленных рельсов  после пропущенного тоннажа 691,8 млн. т брутто. Подтверждено, что длительная эксплуатация рельсов сопровождается протеканием  одновременно двух процессов преобразования структуры и фазового состава колоний пластинчатого перлита: перерезания пластин цементита и растворения пластин цементита. Первый процесс осуществляется по механизму перерезания карбидных частиц и растаскивания  их осколков, сопровождается лишь изменением их линейных размеров и морфологии. Второй процесс разрушения пластин цементита  колоний перлита осуществляется путем ухода атомов углерода из кристаллической решетки цементита на дислокации, вследствие чего  возможно фазовое преобразование металла рельсов. Это происходит из-за заметной релаксации средней энергии связи атомов углерода  с  дислокациями (0,6 эВ) и с атомами железа в кристаллической решетке цементита (0,4 эВ). Рассмотрены стадии преобразования пластин  цементита: окутывание пластин скользящими дислокациями с последующим разбиением их на слаборазориентированные фрагменты;  проникновение скользящих дислокаций из решетки феррита в решетку цементита; растворение цементита с образованием наноразмерных  частиц. Отмечено наличие наноразмерных частиц цементита в ферритной матрице благодаря их выносу туда в процессе дислокационного  скольжения. С использованием выражений современного физического материаловедения и данных рентгеноструктурного анализа проведена оценка содержания атомов углерода на структурных элементах рельсовой стали. Показано, что длительная эксплуатация рельсов  сопровождается существенным перераспределением атомов углерода в поверхностном слое. В исходном состоянии основное количество  атомов углерода сосредоточено в частицах цементита, а после длительной эксплуатации рельсов местом расположения углерода, наряду  с частицами цементита, являются дефекты кристаллической структуры стали (дислокации, границы зерен и субзерен), а в поверхностном  слое стали атомы углерода обнаружены и в кристаллической решетке на основе α-железа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Using  transmission  electron  microscopy  methods  at  various  distances from the rolling surface along the central axis, changes in  structure, phase composition, and defective substructure of the head  of differentially hardened rails were studied after passed tonnage of  691.8  million tons of gross weight. It is confirmed that prolonged  operation of rails is accompanied by two simultaneous processes of  transformation of structure and phase composition of plate-pearlite  colonies: cutting of cementite plates and dissolution of cementite  plates. The first process is carried out by mechanism of cutting carbide  particles and removing their fragments, accompanied only by change  in their linear dimensions and morphology. The second process of  dest ruction of the cementite plates of perlite colonies is carried out by  leaving carbon atoms from crystalline lattice of cementite on dislocation, as a result of which phase transformation of rails metal is possible. This is due to a noticeable relaxation of mean energy of carbon  atom  s binding to dislocations (0.6  eV) and to iron atoms in cementite  lattice (0.4  eV). The stages of transformation of cementite plates are considered: enveloping the plates with sliding dislocations and then  splitting them into weakly oriented fragments; penetration of sliding  dislocations from ferrite lattice into lattice of cementite; dissolution of  cementite and formation of nanoscale particles. The presence of nanosized cementite particles in ferrite matrix is noted due to their removal  during dislocation slide. Using expressions of modern physical materials science and X-ray diffraction analysis, influence of content of  carbon atoms on structural elements of rail steel was estimated. It is  shown that prolonged operation of rails is accompanied by a significant  redistribution of carbon atoms in surface layer. In the initial state, the  main quantity of carbon atoms is concentrated in cementite particles,  and after a long operation of rails, along with cementite particles, carbon is located in defects of crystal structure of steel (dislocation, grain  boundaries and subgrains), and in the surface layer of steel atoms carbon is also found in crystal lattice based on α-iron.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атомы углерода</kwd><kwd> перераспределение</kwd><kwd> дифференцированно закаленные рельсы</kwd><kwd> разрушение цементита</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon atoms</kwd><kwd> redistribution</kwd><kwd> differentially hardened rails</kwd><kwd> cementite resolution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanisenko Yu., MacLaren I., Sauvage X., Valiev R.Z., Fecht H.-J. 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