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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2018-3-211-216</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1271</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASICS OF METALLURGICAL PROCESSES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРОЦЕССОВ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ WO3 УГЛЕРОДОМ И КРЕМНИЕМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF WO3 REDUCTION BY CARBON AND SILICON</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бендре</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bendre</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., доцент</p><p>кафедра естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля </p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assist. Professor of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bendre@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горюшкин</surname><given-names>В. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryushkin</surname><given-names>V. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.х.н., профессор</p><p>кафедра естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Professor the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">koax@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюков</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryukov</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент</p><p>кафедра материаловедения, литейного и сварочного производства </p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Professor of the Chair “Materials, Foundry and Welding Production”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rek_nzrmk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козырев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozyrev</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>кафедра материаловедения, литейного и сварочного производства</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor of the Chair “Materials, Foundry and Welding Production”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kozyrev_na@mtsp.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бащенко</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashchenko</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., старший преподаватель</p><p>кафедра теплоэнергетики и экологии </p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Lecturer of the Chair “Thermal Power and Ecology”</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">luda.baschenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>211</fpage><lpage>216</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бендре Ю.В., Горюшкин В.Ф., Крюков Р.Е., Козырев Н.А., Бащенко Л.П., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бендре Ю.В., Горюшкин В.Ф., Крюков Р.Е., Козырев Н.А., Бащенко Л.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bendre Y.V., Goryushkin V.F., Kryukov R.E., Kozyrev N.A., Bashchenko L.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1271">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1271</self-uri><abstract><p>Для практического применения с целью ресурсосбережения представляет интерес технология дуговой наплавки порошковой проволокой, в которой в качестве наполнителей используются оксид вольфрама WO3 и вещества, содержащие восстановители (углерод и  кремний). Проведена термодинамическая оценка вероятности протекания 21 реакции в стандартных условиях по табличным термодинамическим данным реагентов в интервале температур 1500 – 3500 К. Этот интервал включает в себя температуры на периферии дуги и  в  верхних слоях наплавочной ванны. В числе реакций – реакции прямого восстановления оксида вольфрама WO3 углеродом и кремнием, косвенного восстановления оксида вольфрама WO3 углеродом, реакции соединения вольфрама с углеродом и кремнием с образованием карбидов и силицидов вольфрама. В качестве возможных продуктов реакций рассматривали W, WC, W2 C, WSi2 , W5 Si3 , CO, CO2 , SiO, SiO2 . Реакции восстановления оксида записывали на 1 моль O2 , а реакции соединения вольфрама с углеродом и кремнием – на 2/3  моль вольфрама W. Вероятность протекания реакций оценивали по стандартной энергии Гиббса реакций. В качестве стандартных для веществ- реагентов в интервале 1500 – 3500 К были выбраны состояния:W(тв), WO3 (тв,  ж) с фазовым переходом при 1745 К; WC(тв), W2 C(тв), C(тв), CO(г), CO2 (г), WSi2 (тв,  ж) с фазовым переходом при 2433 К; W5 Si3 (тв,  ж) с фазовым переходом при 2623 К; Si(тв,  ж) с фазовым переходом при 1690  К; SiO(г), SiO2 (тв,  ж) с фазовым переходом при 1996 К. С целью оценки степени влияния на термодинамические свойства реакций возможного испарения в дуге оксида вольфрама WO3 (Tкип  =  1943  К) рассчитывали термодинамические характеристики двух реакций, в которых в качестве стандартного состояния в том же интервале температуры выбрано состояние WO3 (г). Термодинамический анализ восстановления оксида вольфрама WO3 показывает, что температура расплава, наряду с составом порошковой проволоки, способны повлиять на состав и служебные свойства наплавленного слоя. В рассматриваемой системе при высоких температурах расплава (более 2500  К) вероятно образование вольфрама, силицидов вольфрама и карбидов. Протекание реакций существенно изменяет состав газовой фазы, но не шлаковую фазу наплавочной ванны. При температурах менее 1500 К наиболее вероятно образование силицидов вольфрама и вольфрама за счет восстановления WO3 кремнием, при этом шлаковая фаза становится более кислой за счет образующегося оксида кремния SiO2 . Однако эта область температур находится ниже температуры плавления оксида вольфрама WO3 (1745  К). В интервале температур 1500  –  2500  К протекает целый ряд конкурирующих реакций восстановления, в результате которых в металлическом расплаве образуются как вольфрам, так и его силициды и карбиды. Реакции соединения вольфрама с кремнием и углеродом с образованием силицидов и карбидов менее вероятны, чем реакции восстановления. Испарение оксида вольфрама WO3 в дуге увеличивает термодинамическую вероятность протекания реакций восстановления, но в большей степени при низкой температуре.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Technology of arc surfacing with flux-cored wire, in which tungsten oxide WO3 and substances containing reducing agents: carbon and silicon are used as fillers, is of interest for implementation in terms of resource saving. Thermodynamic estimation of probability of 21  reactions proceeding under standard conditions was carried out with the use of tabular thermodynamic data for reagents in temperature range of 1500–3500  K. This interval includes temperatures at the arc periphery and in the upper layers of surfacing bath. Among the reactions are direct reduction of tungsten oxide WO3 by carbon and silicon; indirect reduction of tungsten oxide WO3 by carbon; reaction of tungsten combination with carbon and silicon with formation of tungsten carbides and silicides. W, WC, W2 C, WSi2 , W5 Si3 , CO, CO2 , SiO, SiO2 were regarded as possible reaction products. Oxidation reduction reactions were recorded for 1  mole of O2 , and reactions of tungsten combination with carbon and silicon – for 2/3 moles of W. Probability of reactions proceeding was estimated based on the standard Gibbs energy of reactions. As a standard for reagent substances in the range of 1500  –  3500  K, the following states were selected: W(s), WO3 (s,  l) with phase transition at 1745  K, WC(s), W2 C(s), C(s), CO(g), CO2 (g), WSi2 (s,  l) with phase transition at 2433  K, W5 Si3 (s,  l) with phase transition at 2623  K, Si(s,  l) with phase transition at 1690  K , SiO(g), SiO2 (s,  l) with phase transition at 1996  K. To estimate the degree of influence of reactions of possible evaporation in WO3 tungsten oxide arc (Tboil  =  1943  K) on thermodynamic properties, thermodynamic characteristics of two reactions were calculated in which WO3 (g) was chosen as a standard state in the same temperature interval. Thermodynamic analysis of WO3 reduction shows that temperature of melt along with composition of flux-cored wire can affect composition and service properties of deposited layer. In the system under consideration, formation of tungsten, tungsten silicides and carbides is likely at high temperatures of melt (more than 2500  K). The flow of reactions significantly changes composition of gas phase, but not slag phase in surfacing bath. At temperatures below 1500  K, formation of tungsten and tungsten silicides is most likely due to reduction of WO3 by silicon, with the slag phase becoming more acidic due to SiO2 silicon oxide formation. However, this temperature range is below the melting point of WO3 tungsten oxide (1745  K). In the temperature range of 1500  –  2500  K, a number of competing reduction reactions occur, as a result of which both tungsten and its silicides and carbides are being formed in metallic melt. Reactions of tungsten combination with silicon and carbon with formation of silicides and carbides are less likely than reduction reactions. Evaporation of tungsten oxide WO3 in the arc increases thermodynamic probability of reduction reactions occurrence, but more likely at low temperatures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>термодинамический анализ</kwd><kwd>энергия Гиббса реакции</kwd><kwd>порошковая проволока</kwd><kwd>оксид вольфрама</kwd><kwd>дуговая наплавка</kwd><kwd>наплавочная ванна</kwd><kwd>вольфрам</kwd><kwd>восстановление</kwd><kwd>силициды вольфрама</kwd><kwd>карбиды вольфрама</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermodynamic analysis</kwd><kwd>Gibbs reaction energy</kwd><kwd>flux-cored wire</kwd><kwd>tungsten oxide</kwd><kwd>arc surfacing</kwd><kwd>surfacing bath</kwd><kwd>tungsten</kwd><kwd>reduction</kwd><kwd>tungsten silicides</kwd><kwd>tungsten carbides</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klimpel A., Lisiecki A., Janicki D. 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