<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">blackmet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. Черная Металлургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0368-0797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2410-2091</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National University of Science and Technology "MISIS"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17073/0368-0797-2017-10-826-830</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">blackmet-1160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И ФАЗОВОГО СОСТАВА ПОВЕРХНОСТИ 100-МЕТРОВЫХ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННО ЗАКАЛЕННЫХ РЕЛЬСОВ ПРИ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF THE SURFACE OF DIFFERENTIALLY HARDENED 100-METER RAILS IN OPERATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yur’ev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер-исследователь УНИ,</p><p>654043, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, шоссе Космическое, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Engineer of Department of Scientific Research,</p><p>Novokuznetsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ant-yurev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. В.М. Финкеля,</p><p>654007, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, ул. Кирова, 42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-math.), Professor, Head of the Chair of Science named after V.M. Finkel,</p><p>Novokuznetsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., начальник прокатного производства,</p><p>654043, Кемеровская обл., Новокузнецк, шоссе Космическое, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of Rolling Production,</p><p>Novokuznetsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">morozov_kv75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перегудов</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Peregudov</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>помощник ректора по молодежной политике,</p><p>644050, Омск, пр. Мира, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant to the Rector for Youth Policy,</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olegomgtu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «ЕВРАЗ – Объединенный Западно-Сибирский металлургический комбинат»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “EVRAZ – Joint West Siberian Metallurgical Plant”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>826</fpage><lpage>830</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юрьев А.А., Громов В.Е., Морозов К.В., Перегудов О.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрьев А.А., Громов В.Е., Морозов К.В., Перегудов О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yur’ev A.A., Gromov V.E., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1160">https://fermet.misis.ru/jour/article/view/1160</self-uri><abstract><p>Методами оптической и просвечивающей электронной дифракционной микроскопии изучена эволюция структурно-фазовых состояний поверхностных слоев головки дифференцированно закаленных рельсов категории ДТ350 на глубину до 10 мм по выкружке после пропущенного тоннажа 691,8 млн. т брутто на экспериментальном кольце АО «ВНИИЖТ». Показано, что в исходном состоянии в головке рельсов присутствуют следующие структурные составляющие: зерна пластинчатого перлита (относительное содержание 0,7), зерна феррито-карбидной смеси (0,25), зерна структурно свободного феррита. После пропущенного тоннажа 691,8 млн. т брутто такое состояние сохраняется лишь на глубине свыше 10 мм. Отличительной особенностью структуры на этом расстоянии является большое количество изгибных экстинкционных контуров, что указывает на упругопластические искажения кристаллической решетки материала, Концентраторами напряжений исследуемой стали являются внутрифазные и межфазные границы раздела зерен феррита и перлита, пластин цементита и феррита колоний перлита, частиц глобулярного цементита и феррита. Преобразование структуры проявляется на макроуровне в формировании микротрещин, проходящих под острым углом к поверхности на глубину до 140 мкм, и в формировании обезуглероженного слоя. На микроуровне выявлено формирование упругопластических полей напряжений и разрушение пластин цементита перлитных колоний. Показано, что концентраторами напряжений являются внутри- и межфазные границы раздела зерен феррита и перлита, пластин цементита и феррита колоний феррита, частиц глобулярного цементита и феррита. В зернах структурно свободного феррита отмечено образование наноразмерных частиц цементита. Проведено сравнение с результатами эволюции структурно-фазовых состояний по выкружке объемно закаленных рельсов после пропущенного тоннажа 500 млн. т брутто: наиболее существенные преобразования структурно-фазовых состояний наблюдаются в поверхностных слоях. Эволюция структурно-фазового состояния перлита пластинчатой морфологии заключается в растворении пластин цементита, что приводит к формированию на месте пластины цементита цепочки частиц карбидной фазы глобулярной формы. Это возможно вследствие ухода атомов углерода из кристаллической решетки цементита на дислокации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>By the methods of optical and transmission electron diffraction microscopy the evolution of structural-phase states of the surface layers in the head of differentially hardened rails of category DT350 was studied to the depth up to 10 mm in the fillet after the passed tonnage of 691.8 million gross tones on the experimental ring of JSC “VNIIZhT”. It is shown that in the initial state the following structural constituents present in the rail head: grains of lamellar perlite (relative content is 0.7), grains of ferrite-carbide mixture (0.25) and grains of structurally free ferrite. After the passed tonnage of 691.8 million gross tones this state is preserved only at a depth of more than 10 mm. A distinctive feature of the structure at this distance is a large number of bending extinction contours, which reveals elastoplastic distortions of the crystal lattice in the material. Stress concentrators of the steel under study are intra- and interphase interfaces of grains of ferrite and perlite, cementite plates and ferrite of perlite colonies, globular cementite particles and ferrite. The transformation of the structure is manifested at the macro level in the formation of microcracks at an acute angle to the surface to a depth up to 140 μm, and in the formation of the decarburized layer. At the micro level, the formation of elastoplastic stress fields and the destruction of cementite plates of perlite colonies have been revealed. It is shown that stress concentrators are intra- and interphase interfaces of ferrite and perlite grains, cementite and ferrite plates of ferrite colonies, globular cementite particles and ferrite. In the grains of structurally free ferrite, the formation of nano-sized particles of cementite was observed. The comparison is made with the results of the evolution of structural-phase states in the fillet of volume-hardened rails after the passed tonnage of 500 million gross tones: the most significant transformations of structural-phase states are observed in the surface layers. The evolution of the structural-phase state of perlite of lamellar morphology consists in the dissolution of cementite plates, which leads to the formation of a chain of particles of the carbide phase with globular shape in place of the cementite plate. This is possible due to the transfer of carbon atoms from the crystalline lattice of cementite to dislocations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дифференцированно закаленные рельсы</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>длительная эксплуатация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>differentially hardened rails</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>long-term operation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Microstructure of gradient rails. Carbide / V.E. Gromov, A.B. Yuriev, K.V. Morozov, Y.F. Ivanov. – CISP Ltd, 2016. – 153 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Yuriev A.B., Morozov K.V., Ivanov Y.F. Microstructure of gradient rails. Carbide. CISP Ltd, 2016, 153 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheinman E. Wear of Rails // J. of Friction and Wear. 2012. Vol. 33. No. 4. P. 308 – 314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheinman E. Wear of rails. J. of Friction and Wear. 2012, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 308–314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanisenko Yu., Fecht H.J. Microstructure modification in the surface layers of railway rails and wheels // Steel Tech. 2008. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 19 – 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanisenko Yu., Fecht H.J. Microstructure modification in the surface layers of railway rails and wheels. Steel Tech. 2008, vol. 3, no.  1, pp. 19–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanisenko Yu., Maclaren I., Sauvage X., Valiev R.Z., Fecht H.-J. Shear-induced α → γ transformation in nanoscale Fe–C composite // Acta Mater. 2006. Vol. 54. P. 1659 – 1669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanisenko Yu., Maclaren, I., Sauvage, X., Valiev R.Z., Fecht H.-J. Shear-induced α → γ transformation in nanoscale Fe–C composite. Acta Mater. 2006, vol. 54, pp. 1659–1669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ning Jiang-Li, Courtois-Manara E., Kurmanaeva I., Ganeev A.V., Valiev R.Z., Kübel C., Ivanisenko Yu. Tensile properties and work hardening behaviors of ultrafine grained carbon steel and pure iron processed by warm high pressure torsion // Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013. Vol. 581. P. 8 – 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ning Jiang-Li, Courtois-Manara E., Kurmanaeva I., Ganeev A.V., Valiev R.Z., Kübel C., Ivanisenko Yu. Tensile properties and work hardening behaviors of ultrafine grained carbon steel and pure iron processed by warm high pressure torsion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013, vol. 581, pp. 8–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavriljuk V.G. Decomposition of cementite in pearlite steel due to plastic deformation // Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2003. Vol. 345. P. 81 – 89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavriljuk V.G. Decomposition of cementite in pearlite steel due to plastic deformation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2003, vol. 345, pp. 81–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LiY.J., Chai P., Bochers C., Westerkamp S., Goto S., Raabe D., Kirchheim R. Atomic-scale mechanisms of deformation-induced cementite decomposition in pearlite //Acta Mater. 2011. Vol. 59. P. 3965 – 3977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y.J., Chai P., Bochers C., Westerkamp S, Goto S, Raabe D, Kirchheim R: Atomic-scale mechanisms of deformation-induced cementite decomposition in pearlite. Acta Mater. 2011, vol. 59, pp.  3965–3977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavriljuk V.G. Effect of interlamellar spacing on cementite dissolution during wire drawing of pearlitic steel wires // Scripta Mater. 2001. Vol. 45. P. 1469 – 1472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavriljuk V.G. Effect of interlamellar spacing on cementite dissolution during wire drawing of pearlitic steel wires. Scripta Mater. 2001, vol. 45, pp. 1469–1472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Электронная микроскопия тонких кристаллов / П. Хирш, А. Хови, Р. Николсон и др. – М.: Мир, 1968. – 574 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch P.B., Howie A., Nicholson R., Pashley D.W., Whelan M.J. The electron microscopy of thin crystals. Butterworths, 1965, 549  p. (Russ.ed.: Hirsh P., Hovi R., Nicholson R. Elektronnaya mikroskopiya tonkikh kristallov. Moscow: Mir, 1968, 574 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брандон Д., Каплан У. Микроструктура материалов. Методы исследования и контроля. – М.: Техносфера, 2004. – 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandon David G., Kaplan Wayne D. Microstructural characterization of materials. Chichester, New York, 1999. (Russ.ed.: Brandon  D., Kaplan W. Mikrostruktura materialov. Metody issledovaniya i kontrolya. Moscow: Tekhnosfera, 2006, 384 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Утевский Л.М. Дифракционная электронная микроскопия в металловедении. – М.: Металлургия, 1973. – 584 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utevskii L.M. Difraktsionnaya elektronnaya mikroskopiya v metallovedenii [Diffraction electron microscopy in metallurgy]. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1973, 584 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Томас Г., Гориндж М.Дж. Просвечивающая электронная микроскопия материалов. – М.: Наука, 1983. – 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomas Gareth, Goringe Michael J. Transmission electron microscopy of materials. New York-Chichester-Brisbane-Toronto, John Wiley Sons, 1979, 320 p. (Russ.ed.: Tomas G., Goringe M. Prosvechivayushchaya elektronnaya mikroskopiya materialov. Moscow: Nauka, 1983, 320 p.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ray F. Egerton. Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy. An Introduction to TEM, SEM, and AEM. – Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc, 2005. – 211 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ray F. Egerton. Physical principles of electron microscopy. An introduction to TEM, SEM, and AEM. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc, 2005, 211 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Transmission Electron Microscope / Ed. Maaz Khan. – ITAvE, 2016. – 391 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The transmission electron microscope. Khan Maaz ed. ITAvE, 2016, 391 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Barry Carter, David B. Transmission Electron Microscopy. – Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 2016. – 518 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Barry Carter, David B. Transmission electron microscopy. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 2016, 518 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панин В.Е., Лихачев В.А., Гриняев Ю.В. Структурные уровни деформации твердых тел. – Новосибирск: Наука, 1985. – 229 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panin V.E., Likhachev V.A., Grinyaev Yu.V. Strukturnye urovni deformatsii tverdykh tel [Structural levels of solids deformation]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985, 229 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Peregudov O.A., Ivanov Yu.F., Morozov K.V., Alsaraeva K.V., Semina O.A. Surface layer structure degradation of rails in prolonged operation // Journal of surface investigation. X-ray, synchrotron and neutron techniques. 2015. – Vol. 9. No. 6. P. 1292 – 1298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Peregudov O.A., Ivanov Yu.F., Morozov K.V., Alsaraeva K.V., Semina O.A. Surface layer structure degradation of rails in prolonged operation. Journal of surface investigation. X-ray, synchrotron and neutron techniques. 2015, vol. 9, no. 6, pp.  1292–1298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Peregudov O.A., Morozov K.V., Wang X.L., Dai W.B., Ponomareva Yu.V., Semina O.A. Evolution of structure and properties of railhead fillet in long-term operation // Materials and Electronics Engineering. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 4. P. 1 – 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Peregudov O.A., Morozov K.V., Wang  X.L., Dai W.B., Ponomareva Yu.V., Semina O.A. Evolution of structure and properties of railhead fillet in long-term operation. Materials and Electronics Engineering. 2015, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Y.F., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A., Semina O.A. Long-term operation of rail steel: degradation of structure and properties of surface layer // Journal of surface investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neytron techniques. 2016. Vol. 10. No. 5. P. 1101 – 1105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.E., Ivanov Y.F., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A., Semina  O.A. Long-term operation of rail steel: degradation of structure and properties of surface layer. Journal of surface investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neytron techniques. 2016, vol. 10, no. 5, pp.  1101–1105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov Y.F., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A., Gromov V.E. Degradation of rail-steel structure and properties of the surface layer // Steel in translation. 2016. Vol. 46. No. 8. P. 567 – 570.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Y.F., Morozov K.V., Peregudov O.A., Gromov V.E. Degradation of rail-steel structure and properties of the surface layer. Steel in Translation. 2016, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 567–570.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
